The Contrasting Themes and Structure of William Faulkners The Bear Ess

Part Four Chapter IX

IX The Yarvil and District Gazette decided in favor of alert in revealing what had been said during the most bitter Pagford Parish Council meeting in living memory. It had little effect; the bowdlerized report, enlarged by the clear observer depictions offered by all who had joined in, still made boundless tattle. To exacerbate the situation, a first page story definite the unknown web assaults in the dead man's name that had, to cite Alison Jenkins, 'caused extensive hypothesis and outrage. See page four for full report.' While the names of the blamed and the subtleties for their alleged misdeeds were not given, seeing ‘serious claims' and ‘criminal movement' in newsprint upset Howard much more than the first posts. ‘We ought to have expanded security on the site when that first post showed up,' he stated, tending to his significant other and colleague from before his gas fire. Quiet spring precipitation sprinkled the window, and the back garden sparkled with minuscule red pinpricks of light. Howard was feeling shivery, and was hoarding all the warmth radiating from the phony coal. For a few days, almost every guest to the store and the bistro had been tattling about the mysterious posts, about the Ghost of Barry Fairbrother and about Parminder Jawanda's upheaval at the board meeting. Howard despised the things that she had yelled being bandied about in broad daylight. Without precedent for his life, he felt awkward in his own shop, and worried about his beforehand unassailable situation in Pagford. The political decision for the substitution of Barry Fairbrother would happen the next day, and where Howard had felt cheerful and energized, he was concerned and skittish. ‘This has done a ton of harm. A great deal of harm,' he rehashed. His hand wandered to his gut to scratch, yet he pulled it away, persevering through the tingle with a saint's appearance. He would not before long overlook what Dr Jawanda had shouted to the chamber and the press. He and Shirley had just checked the subtleties of the General Medical Council, gone to see Dr Crawford, and submitted a conventional question. Parminder had not been seen grinding away since, so no uncertainty she was at that point lamenting her upheaval. By the by, Howard couldn't free himself of seeing her demeanor as she shouted at him. It had shaken him to see such contempt on another human's face. ‘It'll all blow over,' said Shirley reassuringly. ‘I'm not entirely certain,' said Howard. ‘I'm not entirely certain. It doesn't make us look great. The gathering. Lines before the press. We look partitioned. Aubrey says they're upset, at District level. This sabotaged our announcement about the Fields. Quarreling in broad daylight, everything getting filthy †¦ it doesn't resemble the board's representing the town.' ‘But we are,' said Shirley, with a little snicker. ‘Nobody in Pagford needs the Fields †scarcely anybody.' ‘The article makes it appear as though our side followed expert Fielders. Attempted to threaten them,' said Howard, capitulating to the compulsion to scratch, and doing it furiously. ‘All right, Aubrey realizes it wasn't any of our side, however that is not how that writer made it look. Also, I'll disclose to you this: if Yarvil makes us look awkward or grimy †¦ they've been searching for an opportunity to take us over for quite a long time.' ‘That won't occur,' said Shirley without a moment's delay. ‘That couldn't occur.' ‘I thought it was finished,' said Howard, disregarding his better half, and thinking about the Fields. ‘I figured we'd done it. I thought we'd disposed of them.' The article over which he had invested so much energy, clarifying why the domain and the Bellchapel Addiction Clinic were depletes and smears on Pagford, had been totally eclipsed by the embarrassments of Parminder's upheaval, and the Ghost of Barry Fairbrother. Howard had totally overlooked now how much joy the allegations against Simon Price had given him, and that it had not become obvious him to expel them until Price's better half had inquired. ‘District Council's messaged me,' he told Maureen, ‘with a lot of inquiries regarding the site. They need to hear what steps we've taken against criticism. They think the security's remiss.' Shirley, who distinguished an individual censure in the entirety of this, said icily, ‘I've let you know, I've dealt with it, Howard.' The nephew of companions of Howard and Shirley's had come round the earlier day, while Howard was grinding away. The kid was part of the way through a degree in registering. His suggestion to Shirley had been that they bring down the enormously hackable site, get ‘someone who recognizes what they're doing' and set up another one. Shirley had seen scarcely single word in ten of the specialized language that the youngster had heaved at her. She realized that ‘hack' intended to penetrate illicitly, and when the understudy quit talking his nonsense, she was left with the befuddled impression that the Ghost had some way or another figured out how to discover individuals' passwords, possibly by addressing them shrewdly in easygoing discussion. She had along these lines messaged everyone to demand that they change their secret key and make a point not to impart the upgraded one to anyone. This was what she implied by ‘I've dealt with it'. With regards to the proposal of shutting down the site, of which she was gatekeeper and caretaker, she had made no strides, nor had she referenced the plan to Howard. Shirley was worried about the possibility that that a site containing all the safety efforts that the prevalent youngster had recommended would be route past the extent of her administrative and specialized aptitudes. She was at that point extended to the furthest reaches of her capacities, and she was resolved to stick to the post of chairman. ‘If Miles is chosen †‘ Shirley started, yet Maureen intruded, in her profound voice. ‘Let's expectation it hasn't hurt him, this awful stuff. We should trust there isn't a reaction against him.' ‘People will realize Miles had nothing to do with it,' said Shirley coolly. ‘Will they, however?' said Maureen, and Shirley just despised her. How could she sit in Shirley's parlor and repudiate her? Also, what was more regrettable, Howard was gesturing his concurrence with Maureen. ‘That's my concern,' he stated, ‘and we need Miles like never before now. Recover some union on the committee. After Bends-Your-Ear said what she said †after all the commotion †we didn't take the decision on Bellchapel. We need Miles.' Shirley had just left the room in quiet dissent at Howard's agreeing with Maureen. She busied herself with the teacups in the kitchen, quietly smoldering, asking why she didn't set out just two cups to give Maureen the insight that she so lavishly merited. Shirley kept on feeling only resistant appreciation for the Ghost. His allegations had uncovered reality with regards to individuals whom she hated and scorned, individuals who were ruinous and backward. She was certain that the electorate of Pagford would see things her way and decision in favor of Miles, instead of that sickening man, Colin Wall. ‘When will we proceed to cast a ballot?' Shirley asked Howard, returning the live with the tinkling service tray, and distinctly disregarding Maureen (for it was their child whose name they would tick on the polling form). Be that as it may, to her extreme bothering, Howard recommended that each of them three follow shutting time. Miles Mollison was very as worried as his dad that the extraordinary surliness encompassing following day's vote would influence his discretionary possibilities. That very morning he had entered the newsagent's behind the Square and got a grab of discussion between the lady behind the till and her old client. ‘†¦ Mollison's constantly thought he was ruler of Pagford,' the elderly person was stating, unaware of the wooden demeanor on the retailer's face. ‘I enjoyed Barry Fairbrother. Catastrophe, that was. Disaster. The Mollison kid did our wills and I thought he was exceptionally satisfied with himself.' Miles had lost his nerve at that and slipped pull out of the shop, his face gleaming like a schoolboy's. He pondered whether the expressive elderly person was the originator of that mysterious letter. Miles' agreeable faith in his own agreeability was shaken, and he continued attempting to envision how it would feel if no one decided in favor of him the next day. As he stripped for bed that night, he watched his quiet spouse's appearance in the dressing-table mirror. For a considerable length of time, Samantha had been only snide in the event that he referenced the political race. He could have finished with some help, some solace, tonight. He likewise felt randy. It had been quite a while. Recollecting, he guessed that it had been the prior night Barry Fairbrother dropped dead. She had been somewhat flushed. It regularly took a smidgen of drink, nowadays. ‘How was work?' he asked, watching her fix her bra in the mirror. Samantha didn't answer right away. She focused on the dark red scores the substance underneath her arms left by the tight bra, at that point stated, without seeing Miles, ‘I've been importance to converse with you about that, really.' She abhorred saying it. She had been attempting to abstain from doing as such for a little while. ‘Roy figures I should close the shop. It's not progressing admirably.' Precisely how severely the shop was doing would be a stun to Miles. It had been a stun to her, when her bookkeeper had spread out the situation in the baldest terms. She had both known and not known. It was peculiar how your cerebrum could recognize what your heart would not acknowledge. ‘Oh,' said Miles. ‘But you'd keep the site?' ‘Yeah,' she said. ‘We'd keep the site.' ‘Well, that is acceptable,' said Miles enthusiastically. He sat tight for close to 60 seconds, keeping in mind the demise of her shop. At that point he stated, ‘I don't assume you saw the Gazette today?' She came to over for the nightdress on her pad and he had a wonderful look at her bosoms. Sex would help loosen up him. ‘It's a genuine disgrace,

Using the PHP Rand() Functions to Generate Random Numbers

Utilizing the PHP Rand() Functions to Generate Random Numbers The rand() work is utilized in PHP to produce an irregular number. The rand() PHP capacity can likewise be utilized to create an irregular number inside a particular range, for example, a number somewhere in the range of 10 and 30. In the event that no maximum breaking point is indicated when utilizing the rand() PHP work, the biggest whole number that can be returned is controlled by the getrandmax() work, which changes by working system.â For instance, in Windows, the biggest number that can be created is 32768. Be that as it may, you can set a particular range to incorporate higher numbers. Rand() Syntax and Examples The right linguistic structure for utilizing the rand PHP work is as per the following: rand(); or on the other hand rand(min,max); Utilizing the sentence structure as portrayed above, we can make three models for the rand() work in PHP: ?phpecho (rand(10, 30) . br);echo (rand(1, 1000000) . br);echo (rand());? As should be obvious in these models, the main rand work creates an irregular number somewhere in the range of 10 and 30, the second somewhere in the range of 1 and 1 million, and afterward third with no most extreme or least number characterized. These are some potential outcomes: 20442549830380191 Security Concerns Using Rand() Function The irregular numbers produced by this capacity are not cryptographically secure qualities, and they ought not be utilized for cryptographicâ reasons. In the event that you need secure qualities, utilize other irregular capacities, for example, random_int(), openssl_random_pseudo_bytes(), or random_bytes() Note: Beginning with PHP 7.1.0, the rand() PHP work is an assumed name of mt_rand(). The mt_rand() work is supposed to be multiple times quicker and it delivers a superior irregular worth. Be that as it may, the numbers it creates are not cryptographically secure. The PHP manual suggests utilizing theâ random_bytes() work for cryptographically secure whole numbers.

The Civil War Effects All Americans In Different Ways :: essays research papers

The Civil War majorly affected the American development in the 1860's. The epic Red Badge of Courage and the sonnet "Kentucky Belle" are prime instances of this. These two bits of writing show an inside gander at the Civil War, moving beyond the taking on and the conflicts. Red Badge of Courage is about a youthful Union warrior, Henry, managing the war and its mental impacts. "Kentucky Belle" is a sonnet about a lady experiencing a troublesome time, yet at the same time surrenders her pony to help a youngster attempting to make it home. The Civil War had a lot of fights, yet none of them contrast with the sentiments of the individuals during these fights.      In the novel Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane, the hero, Henry, is a Union fighter who fears what will befall him or any of his friends in his regiment while at war. Henry additionally considers his to be as genuine and others conscious individuals. Henry's inclination towards his foe shows that he is muddled about the war's motivation. The sentiments of Henry are presumably the equivalent in many Americans during this time. Stephen Crane, the creator, works admirably of acquiring the feeling of dread alive Henry during this anecdotal story. The sentiment of Henry represent the sentiments of numerous loved ones of officers at war. The sentiment of dread and vulnerability in Henry are like the considerations and sentiments of numerous Americans in the 1860's.      In the sonnet "Kentucky Belle", the creator shows a feeling of authenticity. The sonnet is about a lady and her child experiencing a troublesome time during the Civil War. The piece of the story that shows the most sympathetic piece of the story is the point at which the lady's family parts with their preferred pony Kentucky Belle. They parted with it to a warrior who frantically expected to return home. Giving was something numerous Americans did during the Civil War, and this sonnet is a prime case of this.      The Civil War here and there contacted the lives of pretty much each and every American. This was an extreme time for the nation, and the nation began to change. Ladies took bigger duties in the working environment in light of the fact that such a large number of men were missing in the armed forces. This a major change briefly in light of the fact that ladies were accustomed to taking "back seats" to mean during this time, and now, they’re doing men employments.

Types of Papers Written in College

Types of Papers Written in CollegeWhether you're getting ready to apply for a college degree or just want to take a few papers and turn them into a high quality work of art, there are a few types of papers you can turn to. In fact, you may be surprised at how many different styles and materials are available.Probably the most common styles are A4 and U.S. Letter size papers. They can be a little difficult to get into on a standard letter size printer, so a better alternative is to purchase pre-formatted paper that is already cut to certain sizes. One popular option is paper to fit perfectly inside a standard-sized stamp, which can be mounted to standard letter or legal size envelopes.Writing on larger canvasses is not usually best done with a single piece of paper. It's best to use several pieces of material, each labeled and sized accordingly. There are several options, from foil labels (paper that has a certain colored coating applied to it) to large sheets of white paper. If you f eel that your material is too distracting, consider using two or three different colors.Journaling can also be a great research tool. Most journals are designed with a type of adhesive on the back, which can be removed when writing. Other options include custom covers, glue, and double-sided tape. These are all fairly easy to remove, though the paper may need to be trimmed down slightly so the adhesive does not wear away.Diaries are an excellent choice for documenting your classes, personal life, or daily activities. They are usually lined in a single piece of stiff white paper, with blank spaces available at the end for notes. These tend to be a little less formal than a journal, but do make a beautiful, small-scale gift.One printable color that is growing in popularity is dye-sublimated. These are done by dipping colored plastic or cloth into a dye bath, then pressing the dye into the plastic or cloth. It doesn't require a lot of work, and you can purchase this material in almost any specialty printing store. The advantage to using this type of dye is that it lasts longer than printing on paper, and because it is colored, it will blend in nicely with almost any background.Another style you may consider is abstract art. One way to produce abstracts is by cutting pieces of the paper, rubbing them together, and waiting for the color to set. You can also try dipping various pieces of material, like art paper, into a dye bath. This style looks great, and you can buy high-quality printed work, but you have to be careful that the paper doesn't bleed through the plastic.By taking the time to browse different styles of papers, you'll quickly find what suits you best. While one might be perfect for another, if you decide to buy from an online printing store, be sure to check their return policy and use the instructions provided for proper care. Also, if you're printing on special paper, be sure to check to make sure it's available on the printing machine you want to u se for the job.

The Effect of Freuds Theory of Psychoanalysis on Literary Criticism - Literature Essay Samples

Sigmund Freud, as a nineteenth century neurologist, intricately studied the workings of the human mind, leading him to develop a controversial theory termed psychoanalysis. He differentiated between that which we knowingly do and think, and what that which we unconsciously repress, constructing a model of the separate divisions of the human psyche and its processes. In this essay I shall both explain Freud’s theory, as well as outline its implications for literary criticism as the unconscious thoughts of both the characters and the writer come into play. According to Freud’s process of psychoanalysis, the mind exists not as one single unit, but is rather separated into three distinct divisions: the conscious mind, the preconscious mind, and the unconscious mind. Freud uses an iceberg analogy in order to better explain his ideas about the levels of the mind. Here, the conscious mind is shown as comparable to the tip of an iceberg, the only part which is clearly exposed above sea level. This level encompasses the thoughts and feelings which we are aware of and our rational everyday thought processes. The preconscious exists just below ‘sea level’, and can be accessed when necessary but is not constantly in awareness, much like human memories. These are stored just outside of our consciousness, but we can retrieve them in response to a trigger such as an old photo or a friend recalling a memory out loud. The largest part of the iceberg which expands deep under the water hidden from view is analogous to Freud’s idea of the unconscious. This is a vast thought pool of mostly socially unacceptable desires, fears and anxieties. One of his key ideas on this part of the mind is the idea that it operates outside of our awareness, yet still affects our behaviour and personality without us knowing it. The majority of this level is composed of what Freud termed the ‘id’, the basal instincts and desires of the human mind. The id is comprised of the life instinct (or eros), which drives sexual desire and life sustenance, and the death instinct (or theros) which is responsible for aggression and self-destruction. Freud argued that the ‘ego’ is developed during infancy as a way of integrating the primitive desires of the id into the reality of society in a safe and acceptable way. The ‘superego’ is, according to Freud, the part of the brain which acts in accordance with moral expectations. Unlike the ego, the superego causes us to feel guilt when we allow ourselve s to act on our primal desires in an uncompromising fashion. Freud outlined the way in which this guilt or conscience keeps our unconscious desires from manifesting in a socially unacceptable manner as he argued that â€Å"Conscience is the internal perception of the rejection of a particular wish operating within us†[1]. When applied to literary criticism, Freud’s theory holds implications for the nature of characters and their unconscious motives, leading the characters to take on a new position in relation in the story, perhaps even transitioning from a protagonist to an antagonist or vice versa. An example of this can be seen in Henry James’s gothic novel, The Turn of the Screw[2]. Throughout James’s novel, we are presented with the story of a woman who, when taken in a literal form, is confronted by ghostly apparitions which haunt the house she becomes employed at. However, when read in the light of Freudian theory, these ghosts be more psychological than supernatural. Leonard Orr supports this alternative standpoint and affirms its alignment with Freud’s theory as he argues that â€Å"to see the ghosts as hysterical projections from the disturbed mind of the narratorso the children are victims; [is to place] the focus on the unconscious mind of the governess and the tools of psychoanalysis†[3]. Indeed, from a Freudian perspective, the close and intimate relationship which the governess develops with Flora and Miles may be seen as more perverse than maternal. Gary Gillard supports this notion as he suggests that the governess’s repressed sexual wishes â€Å"take the form of projections of perverted desire, directed at the children, but not manifestly emanating from the governess herself, but only revealed latently so to be, after a process of psychoanalysis†[4]. Certainly, much of the governess’s interaction with the children can be interpreted as holding sexual undertones, such as when she describes how she â€Å"held [Miles] to [her] breast, where [she] could feel in the sudden fever of his little body the tremendous pulse of his little heart†[5]. If this view is to be accepted, the ghosts may not be simply projections of her desire, but rather a product of her superego which experiences guilt. If she realises her actions are wrong, the apparitions may be a form of wish fulfilment, allowing her to alleviate her guilt by seeing herself as a protector of the children rather than an antagonist. Here, the governess has undergone a fundamental transition from hero and anti-hero when the text is approached from a Freudian perspective. Another key aspect of Freud’s theory which holds implications for literature is the Oedipus complex. Having drawn its name from the famous Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex about the man who unintentionally murders his father and marries his mother[6], the theory dictates that all children must develop through an unconscious attraction to their female parent. In the case of boys, this leads to an equally unconscious desire to rid themselves of their father who they deem the main competition for the mother’s affection. Indeed, Freud himself stated that â€Å"The sexual wishes in regard to the mother become more intense and the father is perceived as an obstacle; this gives rise to the Oedipus complex†[7]. Together with this comes what Freud termed ‘castration anxiety’. During this, boys fear that their father will take away their penis which categorizes them as male, as a consequence of this perceived rivalry over the love of the mother. To avoid this, boys r esolve their fears by imitating the father’s masculine traits and behaviours in the hope of one day attaining a sexual relationship with a similarly maternal woman. Girls, Freud argues, are subject to the phenomenon of penis envy, in which they come to blame their mother for their lack of male genitals, and subsequently shift their unconscious sexual desire from their mother to their father. Instead of an Oedipus complex, girls develop a similar complex, later labelled the Electra complex by Carl Jung, in which they experience rivalry with their mother over the attention of the father. Unlike the male, the female need for domination of a parent manifests as anger as oppose to anxiety. This anger leads the female child to fear the loss of her mother’s love as she begins to emulate her mother in the same way that the male child emulates his father. In relation to literary criticism, Freud’s theories of the Electra and Oedipus complexes can hold significant implica tions when applied to literary texts which feature a central parent-child relationship. What may appear as simple conflict over trivial matters may actually be a sign of an unconscious and unresolved Oedipus or Electra complex. A key example of this can be seen in Sylvia Plath’s poem Medusa[8]. From a Freudian perspective, the unnamed person to whom the speaker directs the poem can be interpreted as being the speaker’s mother. The poem’s tone seems caught between resentment of the mother and longing for the mother. She is clearly bitter towards her as she asserts that there â€Å"is nothing between [them]† and perhaps, as Freud might suggest, this is a result of lasting anger towards her mother over her unresolved penis envy and tension over desire for the father. This is further suggested as the speaker tells how her supposed mother is still â€Å"paralyzing the kicking lovers†, implying that in her eyes not only did her mother rob her of her fath er’s love, but is also destroying her relationship with her lover who serves as a replacement for her father. In light of Freud’s theory of the Electra complex, the meaning of the poem becomes one of maternal rivalry and an unresolved desire for possession of the father. In addition to a Freudian psychoanalysis of literary fictional characters, his theory can also be applied to writers themselves. According to Freud, literary texts are akin to dreams in the way that they exist as manifestations of the subconscious desires and anxieties of the dreamer or writer. Indeed, he suggested that literary texts should receive similar treatment to dreams in regards to the process of interpreting and understanding their content. This is outlined in detail in Freud’s text The Interpretation of Dreams[9] in which he proposes that dreams are a form of wish fulfilment of the mind’s repressed unconscious desires which seep through into awareness during sleep. According to Freud’s work, â€Å"The interpretation of dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind†[10]. He argued that a dream is a combination of recent events which have occurred in reality, together with the repressed content of the unconsciou s mind, which undergo the process of condensation to form one image or dream. From a Freudian perspective, literature and other works of art are similar in nature to dreams. This theory holds several implications for writers, as Freudian critics can attempt to analyse their own unconscious thoughts through the psychoanalysis of their work. Hank de Berg highlights this as he states that â€Å"a psychoanalytic interpretation of literary texts and of the reactions to these texts can tell us a good deal about people’s unconscious wishes, about how they have or have not been able to fulfil these wishes, about their upbringing, and about their interaction with their social environment†[11]. However, it is important to note that from a Freudian perspective, the projection of the author’s psyche onto their literary text is completely unintentional. In other words, the writer is unaware not only that their subconscious desires and anxieties are being allowed to manifest in this way, but that they even exist at all. This again is much like the Freudian view of a dream, which contains both manifest and latent content. The latent content is the manifestation of the unconscious within the dream, while the manifest content is all that is remembered on waking. In conclusion, Freud’s theory as a school of literary criticism serves to uncover hidden meanings in narratives to delve into the unconscious of both the characters and the writer. Works of literature may appear on the surface to be products of rational thought and creativity. However, when studied from a Freudian viewpoint, they are seen as products of the subconscious desires and anxieties of the writer. What may appear to be a harmless event or description may actually be a window into the deeper and darker subconscious mind of the author. Similarly, Freudian criticism encourages us to engage in a similar analysis of the characters, stripping away appearances to find the unconscious roots of their actions and natures. These characters are often driven not only by their own unconscious, but by the manifest unconscious of their creator. Bibliography De Berg, Hank. Freud’s Theory and Its Use in Literary and Cultural Studies: An Introduction. New York: Camden House, 2004. Freud, Sigmund. The Ego and the ID. New York: Stellar Editions, [1923] 2014. Kindle edition. Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams. London: Dead Dodo Vintage, [1899] 2013. Kindle edition. Freud, Sigmund. Totem and Taboo: Resemblances Between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics. London: Some Good Press, [1913] 2015. Kindle edition. Gillard, Garry. â€Å"The Turn of the Screw and Psychoanalysis†. In Empowering Readers: Ten Approaches to Narrative, by Garry Gillard, 78-88. Kent Town: Wakefield Press, 2003. James, Henry. The Turn of the Screw. Tustin: Xist Classics, [1898] 2015. Kindle edition. Orr, Leonard. â€Å"Reading The Turn of the Screw†. In James’s The Turn of the Screw, by Leonard Orr, 29-64. New York: AC Black, 2009. Plath, Sylvia. â€Å"Medusa†. In Ariel, by Sylvia Plath. London: Faber Faber Poetry, [1941] 2010. Kindle edition. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Mineola: Dover Publications, [429 BC] 2012. Kindle edition. [1] Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo: Resemblances Between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics (London: Some Good Press, [1913] 2015), Kindle edition. [2] Henry James, The Turn of the Screw (Tustin: Xist Classics, [1898] 2015), Kindle edition. [3] Leonard Orr, â€Å"Reading The Turn of the Screw†, in James’s The Turn of the Screw, by Leonard Orr (New York: AC Black, 2009), 39. [4] Garry Gillard, â€Å"The Turn of the Screw and Psychoanalysis†, in Empowering Readers: Ten Approaches to Narrative, by Garry Gillard (Kent Town: Wakefield Press, 2003), 82. [5] James, The Turn of the Screw. [6] Sophocles, Oedipus Rex (Mineola: Dover Publications, [429 BC] 2012), Kindle edition. [7] Sigmund Freud, The Ego and the ID (New York: Stellar Editions, [1923] 2014), Kindle edition. [8] Sylvia Plath, â€Å"Medusa†, in Ariel, by Sylvia Plath (London: Faber Faber Poetry, [1941] 2010), Kindle edition. [9] Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (London: Dead Dodo Vi ntage, [1899] 2013), Kindle edition. [10] Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams. [11] Hank De Berg, Freud’s Theory and Its Use in Literary and Cultural Studies: An Introduction (New York: Camden House, 2004), 11.

Society in A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare uses his word craft and characters as outlets addressing social issues, race, class, and or gender. Through his plays, he emulates the real world and is able to manipulate his worlds to allow his audience to see everything from all sides. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream and discussed in â€Å"Jack shall have Jill;/Nought shall go ill† by Shirley Nelson Garner, in order for the world of men and patriarchal society and hierarchies to be secure and be well, the homoerotic relationships and relationships between women have to be subdued. Although A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a comedy, we can observe through important scenes what Shakespeare may imply when it comes to social issues, race, class, and or gender; in this case is the overpowering of women by men. Merchant in Venice is another play in which Shakespeare uses his characters to approach social issues of his time. Unlike A Midsummer Night’s Dream where the focus was more on gender, Merc hant of Venice brings up religion and class. He uses the conflict between Christians and Jews to portray the faults of both parties. Looking at A Midsummer Night’s Dream, there are a couple relationships we can see that Shakespeare creates and shows how homoeotic relationships and women to women relationships creates conflict with man and woman relationships or man and man relationships. Hermia’s father, Egeus, arranged a marriage between Hermia and Demetrius. Shakespeare makes Egeus a representative of patriarchy. Hermia doesShow MoreRelatedFantasy vs. Reality in a Midsummer Nights Dream Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pagesand Reality in A Midsummer Night’s Dream In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare easily blurs the lines of reality by inviting the audience into a dream. He seamlessly toys with the boundaries between fantasy and reality. 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There are many different characters in this play and they each play their own individual role in how the play is performed and read. Three main characters that showed great characteristics are: Puck, Tom Bottom, and Helena. The play, A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare, uses characters and their conflicts to give meaning to this piece of literatureRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Rationality In A Midsummer Nights Dream1058 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is not simply a light-hearted comedy; it is a study of the abstract. Shakespeare shows that the divide between the dream world and reality is inconstant and oftentimes indefinable. Meanwhile, he writes about the power of the intangible emotions, jealousy and desire, to send the natural and supernatural worlds into chaos. 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Two lovers yearn to run away together to get married, but trouble sets in and their lives become more complex when magical fairies and a love potion get involved. The four Athenians have to battle their way through love’s compli cations. The perplexing â€Å"love square,† mythical interference, and the endeavor to find equanimity areRead MoreEssay The Comedies of Bernard Shaw and William Shakespeare1018 Words   |  5 Pagesassignment will critically analyse the comedies of William Shakespeare and Bernard Shaw and consider what characteristics they share and how they differ. It is also important to fully understand the genre of comedy, exploring its origins, definitions and sub-divisions. Literary comedy can be sub-divided into ‘Burlesque’ (associated with the ridiculous), ‘Comedy of Manners’, ‘Satirical’ and ‘Farce’, amongst others (Stott, 2005). The comedies of Shakespeare and Shaw take the form of dramatic comedy andRead MoreThe Tempest by William Shakespeare1858 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s The Tempest refines his portrayal of nature from the earlier play A Midsummer Night’s Dream. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, nature is shown to be mysterious presence that blurs the lines between reality and illusion; it is a magical force that is unreachable and incomprehensible for human beings. A Midsummer Night’s Dream gives nature a mischievous, playful, dreamlike feel because in this play nature interferes for the sake of love. The Tempest breaks down the barrier that dividesRead MoreEssay on A Midsummer Night’s Dream: The Variations of Love900 Words   |  4 PagesLove is only as strong as the people who share it. In William Shakespeare’s play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, there are relationships from all different viewpoints of love. Four Athenian lovers are caught in a web of love for the wrong person, according to fellow peevish characters. Along the story line of the play, one will be introduced to additional characters that try to be helpful by committing acts they presume will benefit the young lovers, but these characters actually create plot-twists.

Analysis Of Anne Bradstreet s Poetry - 1075 Words

Anne Bradstreet, a well-educated woman, strong in her Puritan beliefs, captured her thoughts by writing poetry, which included works such as â€Å"Contemplations† which was preceded by â€Å"The Prologue†. Written in the mid 1600’s as the colonies were beginning to form, Bradstreet’s poem included themes of religion, nature, and family. Although she claims to have written them without the intent of publication, a collection of her poetry was printed in 1650. She identifies her struggles with faith, yet writes from the view of a faithful woman who recognizes the superior role of men in her society. Although appearing to be modest and undermining her talents, it seems evident that Bradstreet was, in reality, confident that as a well educated women she was capable of writing just as well as a man. Although it is claimed that Anne Bradstreet did not intend for her writing to be published, her poetry utilizes a feminist tone and theme of higher education conve ying her hidden desires to prove herself as a female author. In her poems, Anne Bradstreet recognizes the concept of male superiority during the Puritan times, although she contradicts herself in her poems with a feminist undertone to highlight the capabilities of women. â€Å"If what I do prove well, it won’t advance† (111). Bradstreet makes a point to mention that she is fully aware that, due to her gender, she would not be taken seriously as an author. This quote appears to have a challenging tone. Bradstreet is disappointed that herShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Anne Bradstreet s Poetry Essay2677 Words   |  11 Pageswife and mother, much of Anne Bradstreet’s poetry appears to be quite conventional. The themes of her poetry range from religious matters to musings on motherhood to love letters to her husband, which correspond with the social and cultural expectations for a woman in her time. However, there are moments in her poetry in which she argues in defence of women, and appears to seek some recognition for her work which is a far less traditional stance. While Bradstreet’s poetry in many ways appears to beRead More`` Contemplations `` By Anne Bradstreet Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagesevident in the poem â€Å"Contemplations† by Anne Bradstreet. In order to fully understand how Bradstreet foreshadowed later themes in â€Å"Contemplations†, the context of the Colonial time must be examined, along with famed works from the Transcendental period. For starters, Anne Bradstreet was fathered by a man named Thomas Dudley. Dudley was the â€Å"manager of the country estate of the Puritan Earl of Lincoln†. At the tender age of sixteen, Anne met Simon Bradstreet, a man who shared the same Puritan idealsRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Anne Bradstreet s The Prologue Essay2567 Words   |  11 Pagesneedle better fits†: A Literary Analysis Reading of Anne Bradstreet’s â€Å" The Prologue Does gender explain the importance of a poet? Gender is just the state of being male or female. When it comes to gender no gender is superior than the other. Some individuals would imagine a poet becoming important by them excelling intellectually, being able to write about the things one could relate to, and sometimes being that voice for those who cannot be heard. Anne Bradstreet, an early American poet, takesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Phillis Wheatley 1037 Words   |  5 PagesChandler Helmers Mr. Campbell English 3 Honors 10/12/14 An Analysis on the work of Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley is a Gambian born African American poet. She was bought off of the slave trade by the Wheatley family from Boston. Her love of writing was influenced by the reassurance of the Wheatley family who taught her how to read and write. The family encouraged her poetry and helped develop her literature skills. Phillis is known for becoming the first published African American poet. ManyRead MoreElements of English Lit ; Contrast Compare Two Stories and Poem2705 Words   |  11 Pagesand the conflicts that keep the reader’s interest. Many readers are only interested in certain types of literature or certain authors. This study is based on an analysis of one poem, and two short stories, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, â€Å"A Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, and â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† by Anne Bradstreet. Both the short stories and poem show some similarities and differences in their settings, characters, and confli cts. I will examine how the authors have madeRead MoreHow to Write a Research Paper11497 Words   |  46 Pagestopic: Benjamin Franklin s political life Evaluative paper topic: The effect of Benjamin Franklin s writing style upon his career 3. Working Bibliography The first step in researching a topic is to compile a working bibliography of potential sources of information, both primary and secondary. The subject area of a research paper determines, in part, the nature of the source materials. If you have been asked, for example, to analyze the poetry of Anne Bradstreet in relation to the accepted

Essay about Gender Differences in Sports - 2280 Words

Perfectionism has been defined as a belief; it is something that sociologically and by definition is unattainable. People strive to be perfect everyday and come to believe that any work that is anything less than perfect is unacceptable. Frost, Marten, Lahart, and Rosenblate (1990) define perfectionism as the setting of excessively high standards of performance in conjunction with a tendency to make overly critical self-evaluations. According to psychologist Don E. Hamachek perfectionism is considered on some levels as an unhealthy compulsive behavior. Perfectionism is also considered a stable pattern of thinking and behavior that changes relatively little over time. This has contributed to the designation of perfectionism as a positive†¦show more content†¦Maladaptive perfectionism, on the other hand, describes the tendency to set excessively high standards, be overly self-critical, and be extensively influenced by the approval of significant others, such as parents, teache rs, and sports coaches. It is important for us to determine the forms of maladaptive perfectionism because it has been understudied throughout the years due to the psychological aspects of the study. Individuals who are characterized as maladaptive perfectionists tend to exhibit exaggerated expectations, have a high fear of failure, and are less capable of coping reasonably with challenging situations. Maladaptive perfectionists can also be associated with causing depression, intense worry, persistent self-doubt, and obsessive compulsive disorder. Combinations of behaviors and personalities of maladaptive perfectionists’ athletes resulted in their physical and mental burn out. It is not surprising that perfectionism has been traditionally perceived as negative, or also referred to as undesirable, abnormal, neurotic, maladaptive or dysfunctional (Anshel Mansouri, 2005; Blatt, 1995; Hamachek, 1978; Suddarth Slaney, 2001; Terry-Short, Owens, Slade, 1995). Maladaptive perfect ionism is instrumental in a variety of psychopathologies and adjustment problems (Flett, Sawatzsy, Hewitt, 1995). Some of these problems have hadShow MoreRelatedGender Differences In A Market With Relative Performance Feedback Analysis1014 Words   |  5 PagesWozniak, David. Gender Differences in a Market with Relative Performance Feedback: Professional Tennis Players. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, vol. 83, no. 1, June 2012, pp. 158-171. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.020. â€Å"Gender differences in a market with relative performance feedback: Professional tennis players† by David Wozniak makes the argument that with new research and analytics, women tend to be less competitive than men, shown through professional tennis playersRead MoreThe Ways Gender Difference Is A Basis For Inequality974 Words   |  4 Pagesways gender difference is a basis for inequality in contemporary society? Gender refers to the socially constructed categories of feminine and masculine. It is one of the major factors in social difference and inequality in today’s society. Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It arises from differences in socially constructed gender roles. Using a paragraph based approach I intend to individually analyse various aspects of gender differencesRead MoreSocial Inequality : A Part Of Sports1080 Words   |  5 PagesThesis: Social inequality is a part of many issues other than sports, but it is a part of sports to do several issues such as gender roles, salary and stereotypes. The Significance: The significance of this topic of inequality in sports is that it does not just occur in sports. It happens all around us, you see social inequality happening at work places, schools, restaurants and many other places. Many people don’t see if because they don’t know what it is. Population: Many people think it onlyRead MoreGender Inequality : Sports And Women s Professional Level Of Sport1469 Words   |  6 PagesGender Inequality in Sports Across the world, society holds men and women to different standards. There are precise gender roles and stereotypes that are well established. In the western world, women are supposed to be nurturers, cleaners, and the chef. Whereas men are perceived as strong, independent, and athletic. When these social norms are broken, it is not uncommon for specific labels to be given, such as being called a lesbian. Over the past few centuries, these stereotypes and gender rolesRead MoreThe Psychological Differences between Men and Women in Sports1565 Words   |  7 Pagesways. Some of these differences include competitiveness, goal orientation, self-confidence, motivation, mental toughness, incentives, preferences, etc. According to Anne Bowker in Sports Participation and Self-Esteem, Men have an advantage over women in sports because theyre more aggressive and have higher self-esteem (2003). There has always been that stereotype of boys being more athletic than girls. The gender segregation of sports reflects more than just physical differences between men and womenRead MoreGender Portrayal Of Rock Climbing Essay1722 Words   |  7 Pageshow gender is portrayed in rock climbing. I would like to find out if genders are sexualized, objectified or shown differently. I would also like to see if there is any transgender or transsexual representation in the sport of rock climbing. Transgender is an umbrella term for a range of people who do not fit into normative constructions of sex and gender (Ravelli, Webber, 2016), and a transsexual person is someone who undergoes sex reassignment (Ravelli, Webber, 2016). I am defining gender as: socialRead MoreComparing Basketball And The Basketball Association826 Words   |  4 PagesBasketball is one of the most popular sports played and watched nationwide and global. Shooting, dribbling, crossing someone up, and even dunking has cau ght the eye of many people around the world. Many basketball players start at young age playing at a local recreation or YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association) to build their skills and IQ of the game. This sport also consists of two genders: male and female. One of the top associations in American sports today is The National Basketball AssociationRead More How the Introduction of the Individual into a Non-traditional Sport for His or Her Gender Affects t1429 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Individual into a Non-traditional Sport for His or Her Gender Affects that Individual and the Sport Itself A high school age boy makes the papers when he joins the girls varsity field hockey team at his high school. A woman is judged according to femininity rather than muscle mass in a body building competition. An African American is thought inferior to his white counterparts on the sports field. A woman is discouraged from playing contact sports under the pretext of being too delicateRead MoreGender Inequality And The Social Construction Of Gender1562 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussed how the differences in the social construction of gender, race, class, and sexuality have led to discrimination and inequality of those classified under a variety of these categories. Through understanding the significance of these social constructs on society it becomes apparent the intersectionality they have when it comes to understanding why certain groups may face discrimination or inequality. This paper examines gender inequality and how the social construction of gender makes it difficultRead MoreThe International Women s Media Foundation1500 Words   |  6 PagesCOPING SKILLS Due to the interest participants had in participating in sports, they found a way of coping with stereotypes. An example is given by Adams and Pamela (2003) who have postulated that cheerleading gives an opportunity for participants to reconstruct femininity in a way not to challenge the dominant ideas of the roles and expectations. This they did, by adjusting themselves to suit the evolving ideas of what it means to be a woman in the societal or cultural context. Also, there has been

Crime and Unemployment - 2360 Words

Crime and Unemployment A Study of Social and Economic Factors that Influence the rise and fall of Criminal Behavior in the United States. By: Elizabeth Bruce Natasha Espinosa Derrick Phillips Contents Introduction 3 Hypotheses 5 Methodology 5 Data Data Collection 6 Analysis 8 Summary Conclusion 9 Introduction Crime and its causes, have been studied the world over. In particular, there have been noted studies on the cost and benefit of crime, state of the economy and crime, and unemployment and wages and crime (Jones and Kutan). Some researchers have found relationships between unemployment and crime, while others have not. However, a more controversial issue is the explicit†¦show more content†¦The overall decline in the labor market prospects of less educated men is clearly shown by their wages. The data plainly shows that the propensity to commit crime moved inversely to the trends in the labor market conditions for unskilled men. These trends seems to be related, particularly since young unskilled men are the most likely to commit crime. The objective of this paper is to visit the issue of whether unemployment, graduation rate, divorce rate, poverty rate, population, and median income have causal effects on various categories of economic and anti-social crime. For this purpose, we analyze crime data from 44 US States and the District of Columbia. We estimate the relationship between several crime categories and the independent variables. The most important independent variables are: median income, unemployment rate, divorce rate, poverty rate, population, and graduation rate. The study of how graduation rate is related to crime is interesting because it could also be a factor in unemployment and median income. This could be due to fewer job opportunities as most skilled trades require at least a diploma. Unskilled laborers also tend to make less money and are more expendable and easily replaced. Similarly, unemployment could be a factor in poverty, while graduation and poverty could have a mutual influence on each other. Therefore, it is importantShow MoreRelatedYouth Unemployment and Crime2379 Words   |  10 PagesThe causes and consequences of youth unemployment in Australia has been of particular concern within both government and private sectors for many years. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 10.9% of the total 15-24 age population was unemployed in September, 1995. This figure climbed to 15.3% in September, 2003. This evidence gives cause to the growing concern surrounding the increase in youth unemployment. For sizeable numbers of youth, its not going to get any easier to findRead MoreThe Effects Of Unemployment On Crime Rates1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Unemployment on Crime Rates Introduction Crime and poverty often seem to go hand in hand in the modern world, or so is the perception. With poverty rates edging higher this is even more important in our modern day. The unemployment rate is one of the key indicators of the health of our economy. The standard of living for most people falls greatly once they have reached the poverty rate, which makes people live nervously, frantically, and gives greater incentive for them to commitRead MoreThe Unemployment And Crime Rate Of Detroit1285 Words   |  6 Pagesbill. Detroit also has the highest murder and violent crime rate of any major city in the country. FBI statistics shows that Detroit logged in 316 murders and non-negligent manslaughter last year, with a rate of 45 per 100,000 people. That’s the highest of U.S. cities with more than 200,000 residents and 10 times with national rates. The City also has 14,500 total violent crimes since 2013, and the stats are still going up. The poverty and crime rate in Detroit is destroying families, at the sameRead MoreEssay on The Relationship between Unemployment and Crime590 Words   |  3 Pagesof the economic health such as the unemployment rate and home foreclosures have reached their worst records in decades over the last several months. Given the state of the financial crisis law enforcement agencies have warned of increased criminal activity. Despite the economic turmoil and high levels of unemployment, crime rates have fallen significantly across the United States. The U.S. Department of Labor (2011) reported the national average of unemployment for 2008 was 5.8 percent. The rateRead MoreRelationship Between Unemployment and Crime Rate Among Youth in Nigeria1764 Words   |  8 Pagesto wallow in abject poverty, while more than 50 percent live on less than US$2 per day. Couple with this, is dilapidated infrastructure (especially roads and power supply) that has led to the collapse of many industries, including high level of unemployment. Moreover, macroeconomic indicators like balance of payments, import obligations, inflation rate, exchange rate, and national savings reveal that Nigeria has not fared well in the last couple of years. Given the issues raised above, this researchRead MoreA Brief Note On The State Of Virginia Department Of The Labor Bureau Of Labor Statistics Website1066 Words   |  5 Pages ECON 360 Semester Project Paper Xiaofei Zhang Data The dataset is obtained from the Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics website. The data contains the unemployment rate in scope of individuals years from 1995 to 2000. Information on reported crime rates was obtained from FBI website as well as from the Geospatial and Statistical Data Center of the state of Virginia. Measures of age distributions was retrieved from the county-level census files of StateRead MoreDifferent Types Of Rental Expense1175 Words   |  5 Pagesassessed value of property such as street cleaning, low crime rate, highly rated schools, and home improvements. Crime Rate A neighborhoods crime rate can depend on whether a family will risk settling down with their children. High crime rates can include crimes such as robbery and burglary which can put a family in high risk not feeling safe in their neighborhood. Unemployment Rate The unemployment rate is a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing theRead MoreWhat Causes The High Crime Rates?1253 Words   |  6 PagesCrime, no one like this words. Crime happened means that innocent people are being hurt. People would like to live in a safe area. According to the crime data analysis, the crime rate in Cincinnati was much higher than the U.S. average from 2000 to 2012 (http://www.city-data.com/crime/). With such higher crime rates, it not only causes bad impacts on local residents’ lives, but also reduces the population of Cincinnati—people are tending to move out of Cincinnati. To know why and what causes theRead MoreYouth Unemployment in Nigeria1200 Words   |  5 PagesYouth Unemployment in Nigeria INTRODUCTION Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the eighth most populous country in the world with a population of 154, 729,000 citizens. Our nominal GDP is $207. 116 billion and we have a nominal per capita income of $1, 4011. Nigeria also has the second largest economy in Africa. If I may ask, is this country not blessed? Yet, it is still plagued by youth unemployment which had been one of our major problems in recent years. Both government andRead MoreA Plan Of Investigation At Englewood Wasn t Always The Number One Most Violent Neighborhood1575 Words   |  7 Pages A . Plan of Investigation Englewood wasn’t always the number one most violent neighborhood ; it became this way due to unemployment rates and gangs evolving throughout chicago . Which leads to the question of â€Å" To what extent were gangs and unemployment rates responsible for the amount of violence in Englewood â€Å" ? Within this historical investigation , research will be done on the amount of and the type of gangs that are associated within Englewood . Everyday someone dies and every second someone

Minimum Wage Essay Thesis Example For Students

Minimum Wage Essay Thesis Outline1 Introduction2 Advantages of minimum wage3 Disadvantages of minimum wage4 Conclusion Introduction What is a minimum wage? There is hardly an adult person who hasn’t met this word construction in his life. To be honest, it is an issue that hooks the attention of citizens in any country. It has become one of the most popular topics, and changes in its sphere is always followed by sharp people’s discussion. To give a proper definition, the minimum wage is the lowest payment that workers can get instead of their labor. It is defined by the official institutes and is legally protected. It is extremely important to avoid injustice in receiving money from organizations. The formation of minimum wage amount depends on many things. It strongly tights to the current national economic condition of the country and is impacted by the overall level of life in it. In the countries that we used to name well-developed, the minimum wage will be considerably more essential than in those with unstable economics. Advantages of minimum wage There are lots of persuasive arguments that claim the pros of minimum wage and proves the reasons why it should be strongly defined. Guarantee of government protection for workers Minimum wage is a strong guarantee that protects common individuals from injustice. Without this protection, employees would not receive proper payment for their labor. The way people earn for a living requires selling their goods and services to others. The one who bought has the right to define the payment and may offer too cheap prices. But now, he/she could not give less than the defined base. Diminish the occasions of poverty Another thesis that was suggested to prove the advantages of the minimum wage is that it positively influences the process of poverty disappearance. Individuals are not guaranteed to become rich, but they monthly receive a refund that enables them to use goods and services provided by others easily. Their payment always covers their general everyday needs, and they can provide themselves with a comfortable living. Raising productivity It is officially proved that the minimum wage will increase the productivity of the company workers. There is a well-known correlation that exists in any area: the bigger the award is, the better and harder the staff is struggling to get it. The growth of the measure of minimum wage definitely forces people to work more as they feel that their forces are correspondingly compensated. The increase of stimulus to find a job It is not a secret that unemployment is a big problem for lots of countries. There are so many citizens that could not sell their services and live without a constant job. They are constantly looking for a job on the market and are not satisfied with the payment they get. A considerable amount of minimum wage will be a stimulus to find a job for them. They will definitely know that will receive repayment for their activity. Lower government spending Another statement claims that minimum wage will considerably lower spending that government annually does. Such money use is focused on protecting people without a job who could not come to the market and find a proper way to provide their living. Social programs that give a fund help for people to support them in fulfilling of their daily requests will considerably lessen the annual amount of money. Minimum wage serves as a guarantee that citizens will get the needed payment to cover their needs. Extend consumption Another positive effect that minimum wage does regarding to the general consumption in the country. It could be easily explained by the fact that the staff obtains monthly a significant amount of money that enables them not only to fulfill their needs but also to spend them for pleasure. Visiting of theaters or cinemas becomes more often, and the same thing is about shopping. .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0 , .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0 .postImageUrl , .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0 , .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0:hover , .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0:visited , .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0:active { border:0!important; } .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0:active , .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0 .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uef1a9acba7cc02a12f5553d5ad84dae0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: RwandaGenocide or Civil War EssayDisadvantages of minimum wage The opposite side, though, gives arguments that prove the shortage of the minimum wage. The minimum wage will increase unemployment One of the most popular opposite statements claims that the minimum wage will increase the occasions of unemployment in the country. This argument has its rights for existence as the companies considerably lessen the number of staff due to the appearing of the minimum wage. The companies have not privileged from extra supplying of activity. They think about their competitiveness and high the price of their services while lessening the list of vacation. Raise of inflation Another argumentative statement provides the fact that the minimum wage is one of the most influential factors of the rapid inflation in the country. The well-defined amount of money that people are supposed to get monthly is usually followed by the rise in prices. It is how business works: they are aware of the grant of minimum wage and know that individuals can now spend more money. Taking this fact into consideration, they increase the prices for the goods people will probably buy. The growth of the investment cost Another disadvantage of defining the minimum wage will refer to the significant enlargement of the cost of investment. Not every company is ready for this unexpected step, and it is the issue of their existence. The minimum wage means the organization should pay more to the staff and it eventually impacts the growing investment. After all, they are forced to raise the prices for products to balance the situation. Conclusion Minimum wage is the lowest fund of money that the government demands to pay for people who sell their services to others. It is usually seen as the market bottom for wage employers defines for their staff. There are arguments whether establishing the minimum wage in the country is a good choice or it causes more problems. Both sides have various argumentative statements that prove their rightness. I accept the fact that minimum wage will increase such negative aspects as unemployment and cause difficulties for companies by the growth of the cost of investment. However, I reckon that the minimum wage has considerable advantages and should be obligatorily protected by the official establishments. It is the only one meaningful guarantee for citizens to get a correspondent repayment for their labor.

Contemporary Issues In Accounting Concerns-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What is the Contemporary Issues In Accounting Concerns? Answer: Introduction The framework of present-day accounting lays down the procedures for preparaing and presenting the financial statements and basics of accounting presentation to give true and fair view to the external users of the financial statements. The users require information about the companys recent factual status for mainly two purposes namely if it will be profitable and viable to invest in the companys resources and they would be earning the profits and secondly, whether the enterprise has got the cash flow generating ability (Dichev, I.D., 2017) In the long run, there may be different purposes of general purpose accounting and financial regulation but its should have faithful representation i.e., free from error, neutral and complete such that it is easily understandable, comparable and verifiable. The Framework for financial reporting basically describes 5 basic elements explained below. (Cohen, J., Krishnamoorthy, G. and Wright, A., 2017) An asset is a company controlled resource due to its past efforts, which will help to earn future economic benefits. A liability is an obligation to pay the resources of the company due to its past deeds and this results in the outflow of the resources. Equity is generally the residual portion left after settling off all the liabilities from the assets. This generally includes the equity shares, reserves, etc and belongs to the owers of the company. (Mitchell, F., Nrreklit, H. and Nrreklit, L., 2017.) Income or revenue is defined as the increament in the economic benefits of the company over a period leaving apart the increase in equity portion by the owners through infusion of the funds. This is categorised between comprehensive and other comprehensive income heads. Expenses on the other hand are increase the economic losses or decrease in the economic benefits due of outflow of resources and incurring of liabilities. (Li, S., Sougiannis, T. and Wang, I., 2017.) Thre is a long dated back history for inclusion of prudence in the financial framework, there have been several rounds of debates amonst expects that whether of not it should be included in financial presentation framework as it has had impacts of under realisation of gains, booking of extra losses and provisons resulting in wrong picture to the users of financial statements. To put a full stop to all this discussion, IFRS stated for it sinclusion in 2010 (Spalding, A.D. and Lawrie, G.R., 2017) Now, the question arises what actually is Prudence and what is the limit of its application and whether or not estimation should be applied. So Prudence is the application of caution which prepration of accounts such that provionsa are made for the future decided losses and profit is not booked until it is sure to be recognised such that the robust recognition of revenue is done. Thsis has both the sides depending upon its application i.e., good and bad. (Marabel-Romo, J., Guiral, A., Crespo-Espert, J.L., Gonzalo, J.A. and Moon, D., 2017.) The whole idea behind judging of prudence limit is to record and measure the assets, liabilities, incomes and expenses on the linearity basis i.e., figures pertaining to current financial year should be recorded in the next or previous finanicial year. It is something which cannot be guided by the Standards but a relatie level of estimation is reqd. to give the financials a pure view without errors and adjustments. Example like internally generated intangibles recognition in the books are being prevented in the IFRS. Also, there is a separate piece of discussion on what items of PL should be shown in OCI what should be reinstated as a part of the PL. As per discussion paper of IASB, several items should to be recognised at historical cost as this displays an element of prudence in the values stated as well as profit recognition timing. Besides this, prudence in cash-flow-based measurement or fair value is not accommodating. This is where it becomes difficult to contradict the fights that prudence has leadto unquantified biasnessin accounting. Analytical view of the 2 companies selected QANTAS Airline (Australia) Founded in 1920, Qantas, abbreviation for Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services is Australias largest brand of airline, is the worldsthird oldest and has built a reputation in safety, customer experience and operational excellence.Its headquarters are in Sydney, New South Wales. The combined revenue of the business for the previous financial year was nearly $ 16.2 billion and the consolidated net profit amounted to $ 1,029 million. (Wang, W.K., Lin, F., Ting, I.W.K., Kweh, Q.L., Lu, W.M. and Chiu, T.Y., 2017.) As mentioned clearly in the financials, the company has prepared its consolidated financial statements has followed Australian Accounting Standardsand the Corporations Regulation, 2001in its accounting framework.Basic principles of accounting have been applied together with the use of reasonable judgements and the application of prudence in preparation of summary statements. The same has been mentionedin the directors declaration in the companys annual report. (Bourjade, S., Huc, R. and Muller-Vibes, C., 2017.) All the material departures, the basis of provisions and other accounting assumptions have been cleary disclosed in the Notes to Accounts and explanatory notes.The present data poinshave been delivered in a manner that all the primaryessentials like materiality, timelessness and relevance are abided with taking into account the auditors judgement. The facts in accounting statements have been reflectedin such a method that they are easily comparable, are reliable, understandable and relevant. Moreover, appropriateness of the accounting policies and the accounting estimates reasonableness has been checked. The statement of financial affairs has been prepared considering the entties to be going concern and utmost precaution has been extended such that all the sufficient necessary information is being delivered to the companys auditors so that they are capable to express their comments and opinion. The same is justified from the Independent auditors report. Some major highlights include inclusion of GST, derivative accounting, revenue recognition at fair value of the consideration received, review of the financial and non financial assets for impairment, recognition of PPE at fair value, depreciation on straight line basis, provision being taken for the onerous contracts, etc (Douglas, I. and Tan, D., 2017.) Air New Zealand (NZ) Founded in 1940, it is the largest passenger carrier in New Zealand having 21 domestic and 31 international destination across the world. It has its headquartersat Auckland city, NZ. It was awarded airline of the year in 2010 and 2012 and is rated as one of the safest airline in the world. The aggregatedrevenue of the company for the previous financial year was around $ 4.48 billionand the net profit was $ 463 million. (Bourjade, S., Huc, R. and Muller-Vibes, C., 2017.) As per the Directors Statement Independent Auditors Report attached below, the financials adhere with the generally accepted accounting principles and are reflecting unbiased view of the accounts. In addition, the financials have been prepared using reasonable judgements and reliable estimates and that all the IFRS New Zealand IFRS has been followed consistently. Besides that, requirements of Financial Markets Conduct Code, 2013 has been adhered too. The company here also states that it has followed and considered internal control procedures in the financial statements in order to give its users reasonable assurance about the integrity and reliability. (Saha, A. and Bose, S., 2017.) The auditors here have also taken care of Internal Standards on Auditing (New Zealand) which means this financial statement report gives the assurance to the external users like banks financial institutions for transactions with the company. In addition, the auditors have chosen the quantitative materiality for the Group financial statements to be $30M, which gives a pristine view of what is material and what not. (Yeoman, I.S., Yeoman, I.S., McMahon-Beattie, U. and McMahon-Beattie, U., 2017.) In the notes to accounting, the significant accounting policies used with respect to IFRS 9, 15, 16 has been disclosed. The total amount of assets and liabilities that are reported, are often affected by the estimates of the management. These estimates often lead to fluctuations, because of which there is a difference in the estimated and the actual results. All the consolidation has been done using the method of equity. The concept of prudence and its application is not been mentioned by the company in its reports. However, mentioning the same is not important. The thing that matters is that the perpetrators of the financial statements apply these principles, along with ascertaining effective diligence in the accounting framework of the company. In addition, this company has given separate disclosure for partial divestment in Virgin Australia. (Weatherford, L.R., 2017.) Assessment of the annual reports of the two companies and their respective methods of preparation The two given companies operate in the same sector of the indystry.Qantas is the Australia is largest while Air NZ is a giant in NZ. For the preparation of their financial statements, both the companies are following different procedure and methods. While Qantas is following the Australian Accounting Standards and the Corporations Regulation, 2001 of conceptual framework, the Air NZ is following the principles of IFRS NZ IFRS. consolidated reports are prepared by both the companies exclusively, however, in case of Qantas any kind of discrepancies is the group companies is shown exclusively and is mentioned in the notes to account, where in case of Air NZ no such disclosure regarding materiality is given. In case of Air NZ detailed notes to accounts are given, while in case of Qantas, significant policies of accounting are presented in a detailed manner Recommendation After analysis of the given companies, it can be said that the base aim is preparation of the financial statements by the management of both the selected companies which is relevant for the stakeholders. Both the companies are following the commonly accepted IFRS principles for maintaining their books of account. The point that prudence as a concept should be included or not is a very debatable topic. It is important that proper judgement is applied while preparing the financial statements, excess of prudence is bad. But it cannot be ignored completely. Conclusion After the entire analysis, I have reached conclusion that no matter what method an organisation is applying. It is important that the analysis be such that it satisfies the needs of the users. The given companies have very well followed their chosen policies and analysis and comparison of the two has been done. It is clearly seen that the annual reports are made with utmost diligence and the makers have done applied their share of diligence in the same. All the necessary requirements are covered and the needs of the user have been satisfied. References Bourjade, S., Huc, R. and Muller-Vibes, C., 2017. Leasing and profitability: Empirical evidence from the airline industry. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 97, pp.30-46 Cohen, J., Krishnamoorthy, G. and Wright, A., 2017. Enterprise risk management and the financial reporting process: The experiences of audit committee members, CFOs, and external auditors. Contemporary Accounting Research, 34(2), pp.1178-1209. Dichev, I.D., 2017. On the conceptual foundations of financial reporting. Accounting and Business Research, pp.1-16 Douglas, I. and Tan, D., 2017. Global airline alliances and profitability: A difference-in-difference analysis. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 103, pp.432-443. Li, S., Sougiannis, T. and Wang, I., 2017. Mandatory IFRS Adoption and the Usefulness of Accounting Information in Predicting Future Earnings and Cash Flows, pp.1-47 Marabel-Romo, J., Guiral, A., Crespo-Espert, J.L., Gonzalo, J.A. and Moon, D., 2017. Fair value accounting in the absence of prudence in accounting standards: an illustration with exotic derivatives. Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting/Revista Espaola de Financiacin y Contabilidad, 46(2), pp.145-167. Mitchell, F., Nrreklit, H. and Nrreklit, L., 2017. 6VVThe Validity of Financial Statement Measurement. A Philosophy of Management Accounting: A Pragmatic Constructivist Approach,1-6. Saha, A. and Bose, S., 2017. The Value Relevance of Financial and Non-Financial Information: Evidence from Recent Academic Literature, pp.1-29 Spalding, A.D. and Lawrie, G.R., 2017. A Critical Examination of the AICPAs New Conceptual Framework Ethics Protocol. Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-18. Wang, W.K., Lin, F., Ting, I.W.K., Kweh, Q.L., Lu, W.M. and Chiu, T.Y., 2017. Does asset-light strategy contribute to the dynamic efficiency of global airlines?. Journal of Air Transport Management, 62, pp.99-108 Weatherford, L.R., 2017. Intelligent aggressiveness: Using forecast multipliers, hybrid forecasting, fare adjustment, and unconstraining methods to increase revenue. Decision Sciences, 48(3), pp.391-419. Yeoman, I.S., Yeoman, I.S., McMahon-Beattie, U. and McMahon-Beattie, U., 2017. The turning points of revenue management: a brief history of future evolution. Journal of Tourism Futures, 3(1), pp.66-72.

Report on Atlas Honda free essay sample

Departmental Head KUBS Karachi Dear Mr. Zaki Subject: Submission of Term Report 2013 Here is the report that you asked us to prepare during the project development. The report contains in detail the strategies employed by Atlas Honda Ltd. It contains the macro-environmental, company and competitor, Micro-environmental and internal, strategic analysis and strategic implementation of Atlas Honda. It has been a privilege to work on this assignment and have put in our utmost effort in order to prepare a comprehensive report on the topic. Should you have any queries concerning the report, we will be happy to discuss them with you. Thank You. Sincerely, Nabil Ahad Khan RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS Ho: Atlas Honda should continue product improvement at low cost HA: Atlas Honda should not continue product improvement at low cost Ho: Atlas Honda should go for backward integration HA: Atlas Honda should not go for backward integration Ho: Atlas Honda should adopt proactive approach HA: Atlas Honda should not adopt proactive approach PAKISTAN’S MOTORCYCLE INDUSTRY AN OVERVIEW In Pakistan, motorcycle assembly started in 1964 when the local Atlas Group started assembling Honda motorcycles in Karachi. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Atlas Honda or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Currently in addition to Honda, the other Japanese brands being manufactured in Pakistan include Yamaha and Suzuki. The most successful design among the Japanese brands has been the Honda 70CC which enjoys tremendous popularity on account of its fuel economy, resale and low maintenance features. The Pakistan Automotive Manufacturers Association (PAMA) was formed in 1984. Initially three motorcycle OEMs namely Atlas Honda, Dawood Yamaha and Suzuki Motorcycles Pakistan became PAMA members. The other founding members of PAMA were OEMs manufacturing Passenger Cars, Tractors, Light Commercial Vehicles (LCV’s), Truck Bus manufacturers etc. In the 1990’s, three more OEMs joined PAMA, these were, Fateh Motors, Pakistan Cycle Industrial Cooperative Society Limited and Siagol Qingqi Motors Ltd (subsequently renamed Qingqi Motors Ltd. ). The Non-Japanese OEMs entered the Pakistani market in the late 1990’s by introducing clones of the popular Honda 70CC motorcycle using critical parts and components imported from China. For the basic frame and other low tech parts they used the local vendors (part suppliers) whose development had been facilitated by the Government of Pakistan’s indigenization / localization programs for the motorcycle industry. Other than the original 3 Non-Japanese OEMs who became PAMA members, the new entrants preferred to form their own trade bodies and as such are referred to in this study as Non-PAMA members. Presently there are 43 OEMs producing various brands of motorcycles. Out of these 6 are PAMA members and the remaining 37 Non-PAMA members. The Engineering Development Board (EDB) issues licenses to the OEMs for undertaking assembly operations. The Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) is responsible for monitoring the production of quality products by the OEMs. As such both the EDB and the PSQCA play an important role in the establishment, licensing and monitoring of the technical operations of the motorcycle assemblers. Figure -4 Market Shares of PAMA NON-PAMA Members Market shares of the major OEMs are shown in Table 4. Table – 4 | |Market Shares of Major OEMs | |S # |OEM Brand |Member of PAMA or |Units |Market Share % |Units |Market Share %| | | |Non-PAMA |(Jan – Dec 2011) | |(Jan – April 2012) | | |1. |Atlas Honda |PAMA |251,232 |55. 0 |96,943 |56. 0 | |2. Dawood Yamaha |PAMA |48,477 |11. 0 |15,515 |5. 0 | |3. |Hero |PAMA |27,725 |6. 0 |7,810 |5. 0 | |4. |Star |NON-PAMA |20,283 |4. 0 |4,600 |3. 0 | |5. |Pak Hero |NON-PAMA |18,982 |4. 0 |8,147 |5. 0 | |6. |Pak Suzuki |PAMA |16,92 6 |4. 0 |4,997 |1. 0 | |7. Sohrab |PAMA |13,390 |3. 0 |4,292 |2. 0 | |8. |Metro |NON-PAMA |4,075 |1. 0 |719 |lt; 1. 0 | |9. |Others |NON-PAMA |52,142 |12. 0 |30,116 |17. 0 | | |Total | |453,231 |100. 0 |172,739 |100. 0 | | | |PAMA |357,750 |79. 0 |129,557 |75. | | | |Top Four NON-PAMA |43,339 |10. 0 |13,466 |8. 0 | | | |Balance | |11. 0 | |17. 0 | |Source: Provincial Excise Taxation Departments of Sindh Punjab | Table 4 shows that in 2006, the PAMA members had 79% market share, the top 4 Non-PAMA OEMs held another 10%, while the balance 11% market share was split between 33 Non-PAMA OEMs! This large number of manufacturers with small market shares seems to indicate that the industry is in for a major shake down with a number of smaller OEMs either closing or merging. Although the number of assemblers has increased from 3 to 43 the PAMA members continue to hold the dominant market position with 79% of the market share with Atlas Honda alone accounting for 55% of all new motorcycles sold in Pakistan. With the increase in production, the prices of motorcycles have come down considerably. In 1999 – 2000, the price of a Honda 70CC motorcycle was Rs. 68,000. The same year the Non-PAMA OEMs supplied 70CC clones for Rs. 50 – 52,000. In order to compete with the Non-PAMA OEM products, Atlas Honda and other PAMA members considerably reduced prices. As a result of these price reductions, the Honda 70CC is currently selling at Rs. 54,000, Non-PAMA member clones are available in the Rs. 35 – 42,000 range. If this trend in prices continues, the market is likely to expand further. CURRENT SCENARIO After witnessing a deceleration in motorcycle sales growth last year, the year under review witnesses a growth in motorcycle sales. This was possible due to overall competitive pricing, despite the fact that there was a consistent rise in general commodity price in the international markets, particularly the steel. This coupled with rising inflation and weakening rupee, led the cost to pass on to the consumer. The installed capacities in almost all the sub-sectors have continued to increase, indicating a strong commitment on part of the strategic investors to the country and the long term prospects of the industry. From an installed capacity of 1. 1 million units in 2005-06, the industry expanded with a capacity to 2. million units till 2011-13. The motorcycle sector experienced an overall growth in sales of around 30 percent over the last five year. However, the industry is being held back by certain factors. First, the unorganized sector is taking unfair price advantage as it is flouting the governments efforts to create a level playing field by avoiding taxes and governments levies. Therefore, this is posing u nfair competition. Secondly, the ever-increasing cost of inputs is pushing up production costs exponentially. This may be a hindrance to the industrys aspiration to become export-oriented. COMPANY BACKGROUND Atlas Honda Limited is a joint venture between the Atlas Group and Honda Motor Co. , Japan. The merger of Panjdarya Limited and Atlas Autos Ltd. created the company in 1988. The Atlas Group established both these motorcycle-manufacturing concerns. In addition, a third concern, Atlas Epak Ltd. was taken over by the Government of Bangladesh. Atlas Honda Limited manufactures and markets Honda motorcycles in collaboration with Honda Motor Company. The Company also manufactures various hi-tech components in-house in collaboration with leading parts manufacturers like Showa Atsumitech, Nippon Denso and Toyo Denso. Honda motorcycles are by far the largest selling motorcycles in the country with an unmatched reputation for high quality, reliability and after-sales-service. Atlas has undertaken to develop local manufacturing capabilities to the highest, economically feasible level. While a major role in localization has been assigned to vendor industries, Atlas has the country’s largest in-house manufacturing capability at its Karachi and Sheikhupura plants. To support the production facilities, the company has established an RD wing and tool making facilities through CDA CAM which are growing rapidly in size and function as the company expands. Atlas has managed to execute 14 Joint Venture/Technical Assistance Agreements between local vendors and foreign manufacturers for transfer of technology. Besides, Atlas has directly executed 5 Joint Venture/Technical Assistance Agreements other than Honda. Atlas management is striving to modernize company operations by adapting applicable aspects of research and theory and more specifically, Honda’s unique philosophy of hard/soft technologies to the realities of Pakistani conditions. Company management structure, systems and processes are changed according to the demands of the customer, growth and new technology. Efforts are being made to develop participation at all levels of personnel in decision-making and a substantial and effective delegation has been established at levels where applicable. Various participation programs such as ‘Ala Mayar’ Quality Circles movement, launched in 1985, are strongly encouraged to allow constructive self-expression and teamwork. Atlas Honda is playing a pioneering role in creating conditions for easy and confident use of motorcycles all over the country. A vast and growing network of over 1600 motorcycles sales service and spare parts dealers has been established. In order to back up this system, Atlas has set up Technical Training Centers in Karachi and Lahore which provide several courses of varying duration and complexity for motorcycle mechanics and users each year. Mobile training facilities take the latest know-how, technology and maintenance of motorcycles to major rural and urban centers around the country. VISION To be a market leader in the motorcycle industry, and emerge as a globally competitive center of production and exports. MISSION A dynamic, profitable and growth oriented company through market leadership, maximizing export and excellence in quality and service; to ensure attractive returns to equity holders; reward employees according to their ability and performance; to foster a network of researchers and engineers ensuing unique contributions to the development of the industry; customer satisfaction and protection of the environment by producing emission friendly green products and to remain a good corporate citizen fulfilling its social responsibilities in all respects. Types of Products Manufactured DIFFERENT VARIANTS |CD 70 |[pic] | |Honda CD 70 is the No. 1 choice in motorcycles. In addition to its |[pic] | |established superiority in terms of great speed and fuel economy, | | |the Honda CD 70 is presented with special features. The new | | |attractively designed CD 70 is right there at the top, with an | | |aerodynamic shape, super econo-power, a smoke-free 4-Stroke engine | | |and the special Honda 12-volt CDI technology. | |The new eye-catching graphics, front and rear mud-flaps, comfortable| | |seat and the new utility box have made Honda CD 70 an ideal | | |combination of elegance and durability. Because of its high resale | | |value, Honda CD 70 is an asset in your life. Its excellent petrol | | |average makes it greatly economical, and its easily available spare | | |parts ensure trouble-free companionship. | | |CD 100 |[pic] | |Quality, Performance, Speed, Economy Petrol and Re-sale Value define |[pic] | |Honda Motorcycles. All these have managed to successfully bag your | | |trust on the New Honda CD100. It is a stunning result of advanced | | |Japanese technology and right up there as an outstanding performer | | |representing all the qualities that make Honda motorcycles so | | |special. | |CG 125 |[pic] | |New Honda CG 125 is the ideal combination of elegance and |[pic] | |power. Its speed and performance symbolizes the true essence | | |of modern life. | | | | |The 125 cc 4-stroke engine generates 11-Horse Power with low | | |fuel consumption. It is ideal for high speed, long runs and | | |rough pathways. | | | | |Honda CG125 has a CDI Ignition System and a 12-volt battery | | |(instead of 6-volt). The headlight and indicators are | | |brighter, with an easy starting-up of the engine. | | Industry Product Life Cycle 70 CC ? 100CC Up to 175CC MACRO- ENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRY ATTRACTIVENESS The Five Competitive Forces ANALYSIS OF 2 WHEELER INDUSTRY [pic] ASSESMENT OF INDUSTRY ATTRACTIVENESS THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS LowModerateHigh Threat of new enter is 4 out of the scale of 10 and is low as ? Capital requirements is high and to establish such industry large financial resources are needed in order to compete can deter new entrants. Due to the capital requirement, anly few large brands exist in the market which are Honda itself, Yamaha and Suzuki. Large capital requirements are required for setting up distribution channels and heavy advertising for new entrants, to compete against major well-established brands. Hence, threat from new entrants is minimum. ? Major players enjoy significant economies of scale and have strong brand identity. ? Large capital requirements are required for setting up distribution channels as the motor bikes has to be distributed in whole Pakistan. ? Government restriction also plays a important part as taxes are high on every vehicles sold in Pakistan. Threat of Entrants | |   |Yes |Moderate |No | | |(+) | |(-) | | | | | | |   |   |   |   | | Do large firms have a cost or performance advantage in your segment of the industry? | |   | | | |? | | | | Are there any propriety product differences in your industry? |   |? | | | Are there any established brand identities in your industry? |?    |   | | Do your customers incur any significant costs in switching suppliers? |   |  ? | | | Is a lot of capital needed to enter your industry? |  ? |   | | | Does the newcomer to your industry face difficulty in accessing distribution channels? | |  ? | | | | | | | |Does experience help you to continuously lower costs? |   |? |   | |Does the newcomer have any problems in obtaining the necessary skilled people, materials or|? |   | | |supplies? | | | | | | | | |Does your product or service have any proprietary features that give you lower costs? |  ? |   | | | | | | | |Are there any licenses or qualifications that are difficult to obtain? |   |   |? | |Can the newcomer expect strong retaliation on entering the market? | |   |  ? | |Is serviceable used equipment expensive? |  ? |   |   | |Total |6 |4 |2 | BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS LowModerateHigh Bargaining power of buyer is 4 out of the scale of 10 and is low as ? Generally, prices of bikes are fixed by the company and retailers have almost fixed profit margins. Therefore, they are not able to bargain for proper discounts. ? Most of the consumers are brand loyal, while few consumers has become increasingly price conscious and are therefore, not very brand loyal. ? The bikes manufacture by different companies can be differentiated in terms of their horse power, comforts and mileage. |2. Bargaining Power of Buyers | |(To what extent are your customers locked into you? | | | |   |Yes |Moderate |No | | |(+) | |(-) | | | | | | |   |   |   |   | |Are there a large number of buyers relative to the number of firms in the business? |? | | | | | | | | |Do you have a large number of customers, each with relatively small purchases? |? | | |Does the customer face any significant costs in switching suppliers? | | | | |Does the buyer need a lot of important information? |? | | | |Is the buyer aware of the need for additional information? | | |? | |Is there anything that prevents your customer from taking your function in-house? | |? | | | | | | | |Your customers are not highly sensitive to price | | |? | |Your product is unique to some degree or has accepted branding |? | | |Your customers businesses are profitable | |? | | |You provide incentives to the decision makers | | |? | |   |   |   |   | |Total |4 |3 |3 | THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES LowModerateHigh Threat of substitutes is 3 out of the scale of 10 and is low as ? Substitutes have performance or cost differences as cars, cycles, and public transport have different prices and convenience. |3. Threat of Substitutes | |(some other product or service that performs the same job as yours) | | | |   |Yes |Moderate |No | | |(+) | |(-) | | | | | | | |   |   |   | |Substitutes have performance limitations that do not completely offset their lowest |? | | | |price. Or, their performance is not justified by their higher price. | | | | | | | | | |The customer will incur costs in switching to a substitute. |? | | | |Your customer has no real substitute. |? | | | |Your customer is not likely to substitute. |? | | |   |   |   |   | |Total |4 | | | BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS LowModerateHigh Bargaining power of Suppliers is 7 out of the scale of 10 and is high as ? The vendors that make parts of bike are few in numbers and there is no more substitution for the vendors as imported parts are more expensive then making local parts. ? Switching cost of supplier is high as the company makes long term contracts with the vendors and suppliers of parts like batteries. And vendo rs make parts on special order, size, power and design of bike for particular company |4. Bargaining Power of Suppliers | | | |   |Yes |Moderate |No | | |(+) | |(-) | | | | | | |   |   |   |   | |My inputs (materials, labor, supplies, services etc. ) are standard rather than unique or | | |? | |differentiated. | | | | | | | | |I can switch between suppliers quickly and cheaply. | |? | | |I can substitute inputs readily. | |? | | |I have many potential suppliers. | | |? | |My business is important to my suppliers. |? | | | |My suppliers would find it difficult to enter my business or my customers would find it difficult to|? | | | |perform my function in-house. | | | | | | | | | |My cost of purchases has no significant influence on my overall costs. | | |? |   |   |   |   | |Total |2 | 2 |3 | RIVALRY AMONG EXISTING COMPETITORS LowModerateHigh Rivalry among existing competitors is 9 out of the scale of 10 and is high as ? There are many companies that produces motor bike which include major brands like Honda, Yamaha and Suzuki but also bikes from China whi ch are assemble here and sold with local names. And all trying to increase their market share. ? Imports of bikes from China. As there are around 24 local brands bikes from China which are assemble here and sold with local names ? From the start of 2009, the demand for bikes has fallen 21% from the previous year. So Industry growth is slow. |5. Determinants of Rivalry among Existing Competitors | |   |   |Yes |  Moderate |No | | | |(+) | |(-) | |   | | | | | |   |   |   |   |   | |1)|The industry is growing rapidly. |? | | | |2)|The industry is not cyclical with intermittent overcapacity. | |? | | |3)|Fixed costs of the business are a relatively low portion of total costs. | | |? | |4)|There are significant product differences and brand identities between the competitors. |? | | | |5)|The competitors are diversified rather than specialized | | |? |6)|It would not be hard to get out of this business because there are no specialized skills and | |? | | | |facilities or long term contract commitments, etc. | | | | |   | | | | | |7)|My customers would incur significant costs in switching to a competitor. | | |? | |8)|My product is complex and requires a detailed understanding on the part of my customer | | |? | |   | | | | |9)|My competitors are all of approximately the same size as I am. | | |? | |   |à ‚   |   |   |   | |   |Total |2 |2 |5 | OVERALL ATTRACTIVENESS | |Summarized Worksheet | |   |   |Favorable |Moderate |Unfavorable | | | | | | | |1) | Threat of new entrants |?    | | | | | | | | | 2) |Bargaining Power of Buyers |? |   |   | | | | | | | | | | | | | |3) |Threat of Substitutes |? |   |   | | | | | | | |4) |Bargaining Power of Suppliers |   | |? | | | | | | | | | | | | |5) |Intensity of Rivalry among Competitors | |   |  ? | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   |Overall Rating |3 |0 |2 | FINAL ANALYSIS The Porters 5 forces model shows that the motor vehicle is a favorable industry as Threat of new entrance, Bargaining power of buyer and Threat of substitute are favourable for the industry as there are substitutes for the motor bikes but the substitutes are expensive like car or there is large difference in performance like cycle or public transport. The Bargaining power of buyer is low as prices are fixed by the company and capital requirement for entering into this business is high due to which threat for entry is favourable for this industry. Where as Intensity of Rivalry among Competitors and Bargaining Power of Suppliers is unfavorable as rivals are of same size and imports of bikes and their parts is now common in this industry. The suppliers are few so it’s unfavourable. INDUSTRY DRIVING FORCES Social-Environmental [pic] PEST ANALYSIS Political Nearly 80-86% of the raw materials required for manufacturing motorcycles in Pakistan are imported, so costs are also exposed to currency fluctuations risk. Any devaluation of the Rupee currency will make the raw materials much more expensive making it unfeasible for the Japanese motorcycle manufacturers to maintain their quality standards. Government policies regarding local manufacturing also affect the whole industry. Local manufacturing is favored by government. Hence the policy has shown better than expected results. Economic The current improving economic scenario of Pakistan is acting as a catalyst by further giving acceleration to the currently already booming motorcycle industry. The improving economic scenario especially on the agriculture side is helping the motorcycle manufactures increasing their sales further. The improved forecasted GDP estimates and a good crop expected during the following years is going to give a boost to the motorcycle industry, as its rural sales are growing above 50% and constitute the major percentile of revenue for the motorcycle industry. The main sources of income for most of the farmers are their crops and good crops means for motorcycle manufacturer’s good motorcycle sales. Therefore, the growth on the production of food crops (which accounts for 65 to 70 percent of the cropped area) and all the major crops of Pakistan which are also exported are going to earn a fairly large amount of foreign exchange. Thus, contributing a foremost part in GDP and GNP and meaning future growth in motorcycle industry. Also, employment in motorcycle industry has increased substantially, as new capacities and suppliers have come on line. Social Social factors also play a significant and key role in this industry as well established brands are taken on the advice of friends, family and relatives. They are the major influencers in this industry. Technological New and new features are being added by new motorcycle manufacturers to entice the customers towards them. Existing manufacturers, who need to stay ahead of the game, must have to upgrade their facilities and get state of the art equipment to retain their customers by innovating and giving their motorbikes the edge and value for money. On the other hand, a manufacturer can opt for using cheap technology to sell the final product later at cheaper price (Chinese technology). |External Factor Evaluation Matrix | Atlas Honda | |KEY EXTERNAL FACTORS |Weights |Rating |Weighted Score | |OPPORTUNITIES | | | | |1. Growing motorcycle market – Estimated bikes 850,000 by the end of |0. 2 |4 |0. 8 | |2011-12 compared to 750,000 in 2010-11 | | | | |2. Improving economic scenario of Pakistan by contributing more through |0. 1 |3 |0. 3 | |increased selling. Growth in Agriculture sector with good crop expected | | | | |next year. | | | | |3. Customers realizing quality matters, as problems are already cropping up|0. 05 |3 |0. 15 | |in new entrants models | | | | |4. Newer segments introduced with entry of new models, design, which still |0. 1 |2 |0. 2 | |have huge potential for growth | | | | |5. Karachi, a city which has tremendous potential for growth and |0. 1 |3 |0. | |profitability. | | | | |6. New Export Markets like India which has an annual market size of 50 |0. 1 |2 |0. 2 | |million motorcycles per annum opening due to WTO Agreement | | | | |THREATS | | | | |1. Many new features inherent in latest bike models increasing customer |0. 1 |3 |0. | |expectations a great deal for the future | | | | |2. WTO (World trade Order) opening local markets for global competition. |0. 1 |1 |0. 1 | |3. Competitors launching newer models with stress on reduced price for our |0. 1 |2 |0. 2 | |price-sensitive economy proving serious threat in near future | | | | |4. Theft and snatching of bikes increasing, reaching more than 2000 b ikes |0. 5 |1 |0. 05 | |in 2012 | | | | |TOTAL |1. 00 | |2. 6 | ANALYSIS: The Company is able to respond adequately to the future opportunities and the threats its faces as its score is 2. 6 which is above the average score of 2. 5. Ground is all set for atlas Honda to explore tremendous opportunities available in the Pakistani market because of it is the virtual ruler of the industry. With over 50% market share reflect the amount of effort that has been put in to reach this point. †¢ This year agricultural output is estimated to grab in good figures which means an opportunity for Honda to capitalize on and increase the sales. †¢ Karachi is an untapped potential market with a population of 2 million and urban population of more than 14 million. †¢ Bad quality of Chinese bikes has made people to think about making a trade off between quality and cost. †¢ Apparently this huge success seems a big achievement but it is a big threat in itself because even 1% drop in market share means a huge loss in terms of volume, as experienced recently with the introduction of Chinese bikes. Theft and bike jacking is a real threat that is arising and a major factor in the popularity of Chinese bikes besides the low cost factor. †¢ Karachi market is averse of buying Honda just because of this single factor. †¢ WTO is creating an alarming situation and it will be a mammoth task to deal with the global competition, it will be very difficult for local manufacturers to cope up with low-cost better quality Indian bikes. Company Competitor Analysis COMPETITOR ANALYSIS The total number of approved Motorcycle assemblers / manufacturers by â€Å"Engineering Development Board† (EDB) in Pakistan has reached to 29, which include three Brands of Japanese origin while remaining 26 being produced indigenously with the help of Chinese technology. The Japanese bike-makers are: |S. No. Japanese Company |Joint Venture in Pakistan | |1. |Honda |Atlas Honda Ltd. | |2. |Yamaha |Dawood Yamaha Ltd. | | | | | |S. No. |Japanese Company |Subsidiary Company in Pakistan | |3. |Suzuki |Suzuki Motorcycle Pakistan Ltd. | Actual Production of these Japan based Bike manufacturers are as follows: |Atlas Honda |Yamaha |Suzuki | |Per day production |900-1000 units |500 units |100 units | |Per month production |30,000 units |15,000 units |3,000 units | |Per yea r production |350,000 units |180,000 units |36,000 units | Competition from Chinese Manufactures Gone are the days when Honda, Yamaha and Suzuki had virtually ruled the Pakistani roads. Time has now changed. Chinese bikes of various names are now running side by side with the Japanese. Following is list of these 29 assemblers / manufacturers (local and imported) and their production capacities approved by EDB. | | |Products Model |Approved Production Capacity | |S. No. Manufacturers | | | |1 |Memon Associates Foundry, Hyderabad. |Super Star SS – 70 |12,000 Units per annum | |2 |Fateh Motors Ltd, Hyderabad. |Hero RF – 70 |15,000 Units per annum | |3 |Shafiq Sons, Hyderabad. |Jinan JN –70 |3,000 Units per annum | |4 |DS Motor, Hyderabad. |Unique UD – 70 |8,000 Units per annum | |5 |N. J. Auto Industries, Karachi. |Super Power SP – 70 |25,000 Units per annum | |6 |Deewan Motorcycles Ltd, Karachi. Star DS – 70 |20,000 Units per annum | |7 |Ahme d Automobile Co, Karachi. |Safari SD – 70 |10,000 Units per annum | |8 |Dawood Yamaha Ltd, Karachi. |Yamaha YB – 100 |50,000 Units per annum | |9 |Sitara Auto Impex, Karachi. |Guangta GT – 70 |3,000 Units per annum | |10 |Suzuki Motorcycles Pakistan Ltd, Karachi. |Sprinter 110 |53,000 Units per annum | |11 |AB Engineering (Pvt. ) Ltd, Karachi. |Laser AB – 70 |25,000 Units per annum | |12 |Raja Auto Cars Ltd, Karachi. Hawk 70 CC |15,000 Units per annum | |13 |Atlas Honda Ltd, Karachi. |Honda CD – 70 |350,000 Units per annum | |14 |Supersonic Corporation, Karachi. |Supersonic SC – 70 |10,000 Units per annum | |15 |Pakistan P. C. I. C. S. Ltd, Lahore. |Sohrab JS – 70 Plus |25,000 Units per annum | |16 |Pak Hero Industries Ltd, Lahore. |Pak Hero PH – 70 |20,000 Units per annum | |17 |United Sales, Lahore. |United US – 70 |20,000 Units per annum | |18 |Excel Industries, Lahore. Excel XL – 70 |5,000 Units per annum | |1 9 |Saigols Qingqi Motors Ltd, Lahore. |QingQi CD – 100 |32,900 Units per annum | |20 |New Asia Automobiles, Lahore. |New Asia NA – 70 |9,000 Units per annum | |21 |Zxmco Pakistan Ltd. |Zxmco ZX – 70 |10,000 Units per annum | |22 |HKF Engineering (Pvt. ) Ltd, Lahore. |Ravi RA – 70 |30,000 Units per annum | |23 |Blue Satr Automobiles, Lahore. |Blue Star CM – 70 |10,000 Units per annum | |24 |Metro Hi –Tec Industries (Pvt. ) Ltd, Lahore. Metro MR – 70 |20,000 Units per annum | |25 |Suleman Auto Industries (Pvt. ) Ltd, Lahore. |Geo 70 CC |10,000 Units per annum | |26 |Super Asia Motors, Gujranwala. |Super Asia SA – 70 |9,000 Units per annum | |27 |Toyo International Motorcycles, Gujranwala. |Toyo TG – 70 |10,000 Units per annum | |28 |Ghani Automobile Industries Ltd, Lahore. |Ghani Gi-125-16 Black |10,000 Units per annum | |29 |King Hero Motorcycle Industries,Gujranwala. |King Hero KH – 70 |10,000 Units per annum | Co mpetitive Positions | | | | | |Model |2008/9 |2009/10 |2010/11 |2011/12 | | |19% |15. 6% |13. 1% |5% | |YAMAHA | | | | | | |4% |2. 7% |2. 5% |1% | |SUZUKI | | | | | | |7% |18. 8% |30. % |30% | |CHINESE | | | | | | |100% |100% |100% |100% | |TOTAL | | | | | KEY SUCCESS FACTORS 1. Quality The major success factor in the Motorcycle industry is of providing quality products at premium prices. The leading motorcycle manufacturers use the latest technology and hence provide products that are very effective and give bikes more resistance against attacks from harmful natural deterioration. The overall motorcycle industry is ISO 9000 CERTIFIED which further provides quality assurance of the motorcycle. The industry can be urther portrayed through the Japanese manufacturers’ implementation of the KAIZAN QUALITY principles. 2. Distribution The distribution system serves as an effective key success factor. Every leading manufacturer follows its own distribution structure. This is mainly because the major manufacturers in the industry believe in establishing a strong distribution network that will distinguish them from competitors. The overall industry mostly follows a company to exclusive dealer network. 3. Pricing and Resale Value Pricing serves as a key success factor for the motorcycle industry. This is because majority of the players (Chinese motorbikes manufacturers) charge low prices. The price acts as a main restraint in final purchase of the motorcycle. Chinese motorbikes manufacturers are in the market with low pricing compared to Japanese manufacturers, in order to attain high market share and high sales growth. However, fact should be remembered that whether a customer pays less or more, he wants value for money too; he wants good quality at all levels. In addition, customer especially those from rural areas, also want high resale value for a bike. 4. Brand image The motorcycle industry relies on the important key success factor which is the brand image in the consumers mind. 5. Research Development Continuous research development is undertaken by the major players in the industry. This gives them an edge over other industry players, by providing new and improved products, designed to meet customer needs and choices, at a faster pace. 6. Durability/reliability The motorcycle durability and reliability stands out as the second main key success factor (after resale value) for the rural market. The customers mainly from low income group and rural areas, who will keep bikes for long period, want durability and reliability assurance. A motorcycle should be durable for longer experience. 7. Cheap maintenance There maintenance expenses of the motor cycle industry are not much high. Maintenance costs are cheap and parts are easily available. 8. Discrimination free environment The overall industry follows a positive work force environment and a well adapted discrimination free organizational culture. 9. Strong asset position The motorcycle industry has a very high strong asset position in the market. This lets them easily acquire latest technology upgrades which are necessary to produce newer and better bikes. The motor cycle industry has a strong asset power in case of investments due to high visible growth. 10. Strong fuel economy It is so economical that the almost whole industry claims says that â€Å"in 1 litre you can drive up to 60 km. This way the industry is offering best fuel average as compared to the rising petrol prices. This economical advantage to the customers attracts mostly rural areas and underdeveloped regions having poor infrastructure, which are facing price rise in petrol as a highly essential threat. 11. Drive Comfort This KSF is in relation to the quality of the motorcycle. Industry is offering attractive drive comfort measures which act as a very essential key success factor. It is an important feature for customers who are traveling on long routes (like sales people); they acquire comfortable drive for smoothness in road grip of the bikes. 12. Training programs: Extensive training programs to customers, dealers, mechanics and other important employees. This relates mainly to the awareness increase program in form of training provided to internal employees as well as external customers. The training increase knowledge about the product features, functionality and necessary safety measures/techniques. The training programs have been very successful in improving customer satisfaction and internal motivation of quality assurance of the product of the motorcycle industry. DRIVING FORCES Economic Forces: The current improving economic scenario of Pakistan is acting as a catalyst by further giving acceleration to the currently already booming motorcycle industry. The improving economic scenario especially on the agriculture side is helping the motorcycle manufactures increasing their sales further. The GDP estimated at 3. % in 2009/2010 while good crop expected during the following years is going to give a boost to the motorcycle industry, as its rural sales are growing above 50% and constitute the major percentile of revenue for the moto rcycle industry. The main sources of income for most of the farmers are their crops and good crops means for motorcycle manufacturer’s good motorcycle sales. Therefore, the growth on the production of food crops (which accounts for 65 to 70 percent of the cropped area) and all the major crops of Pakistan which are also exported are going to earn a fairly large amount of foreign exchange. Thus, contributing a foremost part in GDP and GNP and meaning future growth in motorcycle industry. Also, employment in motorcycle industry has increased substantially, as new capacities and suppliers have come on line. Political Forces: Nearly 80-86% of the raw materials required for manufacturing motorcycles in Pakistan are imported, so costs are also exposed to currency fluctuations risk. Any devaluation of the Rupee currency will make the raw materials much more expensive making it unfeasible for the Japanese motorcycle manufacturers to maintain their quality standards. Government policies regarding local manufacturing also affect the whole industry. Local manufacturing is favored by government. Hence the policy has shown better than expected results. Bargaining Power of Customers: The humongous increase in the variety of motorcycles in the recent years is leading to giving the consumers a great amount of choice and it is getting more and more difficult to entice and prevent the consumers from brand switching. Many new features inherent in latest bike models are increasing the customer expectations a great deal for the future. A competitor launching newer models with stress on reduced price for our price-sensitive economy is also proving as a serious threat in the near future. The price is one of the key issues which is faced by the Japanese motorcycle manufacturers. Bargaining Power of Dealers: As the motorcycle variety is increasing so are the dealers bargaining power. Increased profit margin offering by competition is creating pressure on companies to increase their dealer’s profit margin and start paying more attention to their dealer’s demands. Most companies do have exclusive dealer networks all over the country but other dealers who carry the variety off all the motorcycle manufacturers have to be given some attention so that they promote the manufacturers requirements and interest. Technological Forces: New and new features are being added by new motorcycle manufacturers to entice the customers towards them. Existing manufacturers, who need to stay ahead of the game, must have to upgrade their facilities and get state of the art equipment to retain their customers by innovating and giving their motorbikes the edge and value for money. On the other hand, a manufacturer can opt for using cheap technology to sell the final product later at cheaper price (Chinese technology). Environmental Forces: New government laws regarding environment are a great threat for some of the major players of the market in the near future. The government has imposed a ban on motorcycles, which are of 2 stroke and/or 70 CC or less than 100 CC, to travel on highways, sue to environmental pollution concerns. If the ban is stretched to rural and urban areas as well, it would create negative impact on sales of motorcycles of these categories to those segments which use motorbikes as a mode for traveling for a long distance. MAIN ENTRY BARRIERS High Tec Part Import Companies who would want to produce good quality product will have to import of high technology parts is one of the main factors which increases cost. Very high tech parts are mainly imported from Japan but spare parts and raw materials are also being imported from China as well. I mporting Chinese technology will make thing easier for a company in short run because raw material imported from China is of poor quality which will deteriorate the product quality. Many existing companies are importing raw materials from China and producing low quality products. They are selling these products at cheaper prices to attract the market. The price wars which started 4 years ago are one of the main issues going on between the Chinese assemblers/manufactures and the Japanese manufacturers. The Chinese are offering motorcycles at cheaper prices, taking all the price sensitive consumers away. Chinese bikes are still cheaper by at least Rs. 15,000 as compared to their competitors. †¢ Deletion Program enforced by the Government The government is focusing on localization of spare parts through their deletion program to safe guard the interests of the local manufactures and to reduce the price of the motorcycles, to create more jobs and to reduce the dependence on foreign parts for manufacturing and assembling. This is also done to reduce the assembling done by the Chinese manufacturers and turn it around into manufacturing. To further discourage imports of entire motorcycles the government has enforced 90% of the import duty on entire motorcycle (end product) as known as CBU in duty terms. High tech parts imports though are allowed and have a 30% import duty known as CKD in duty terms. (See on next page). †¢ Local Industry Competition: The total no of motorcycle manufacturers and assemblers have risen to 29 in the recent years leading to a very competitive environment and leading an ongoing continuous war for customers. The Chinese especially in the recent years are challenging the Japanese manufacturers by offering motorcycles at cut throat low prices. †¢ Global Competition Uncertainty Another thing to worry for motorcycle manufacturers is that with effect to the WTO Agreement the Pakistani market will become open for Global Competitors and the likely hood of new entrants mainly India entering the Pakistani market will be very trouble some for them. The Indian motorcycle manufacturers have an enormous variety to offer and their motorcycles quality matches that of the Japanese manufacturers while they maintain the same pricing as of china which is very cheap. The Pakistan market constitutes of only 500,000 motor cycles per year while the India market constitutes of nearly 5 million motor cycles per year. the competitive profile matrix Critical Success Factor | | | | | | |Weight | |KEY INTERNAL FACTORS |Weights |Rating |Score | | |   |   | | |STRENGTHS | | | | |Brand name image |0. 075 |4 |0. 3 | |Market leadership – Enjoying 56% share |0. 1 |4 |0. 4 | |Efficient performance |0. 05 |3 |0. 15 | |Durability/Reliability |0. 05 |4 |0. | |Quality – ISO C ertification |0. 025 |3 |0. 075 | |Easy availability of Spare Parts |0. 025 |3 |0. 075 | |Strong asset position/increased profits with each year |0. 05 |3 |0. 15 | |High resale value |0. 05 |4 |0. 2 | |Low maintenance costs |0. 1 |4 |0. 4 | |Technical expertise – Benchmarking Honda, Japan. |0. 05 |4 |0. | |Well established dealer network |0. 075 |4 |0. 3 | | |0. 025 |3 |0. 075 | |State of art plants and equipment | | | | | | | | | |WEAKNESSES | | | | |Less of a proactive approach to different matters, reactive approach applied more |0. 05 |1 |0. 5 | |No Anti-theft device installed in the bike against snatching dilemma prevalent especially in |0. 05 |2 |0. 1 | |Karachi | | | | |Price higher than prevailing competition in market, which gives customer thoughts about nearest |0. 1 |1 |0. 1 | |substitutes available | | | | |No Credit schemes for distributors/dealers as well as for customers |0. 05 |2 |0. | | | | | | |TOTAL |1. 00 | |2. 87 | Analysis: Company is shown to be as inte rnally strong as it has aggregated score of 2. 87 which is above the normal average of 2. 5. Atlas Honda has been the trend setter in the bike industry and it has developed the path on which others have moved on. The strengths of the company comes naturally because of these factors it has been the market leader for a long time and probably since the inception of bike industry in Pakistan. †¢ The name Honda has a strong positioning in the minds of consumers as synonymous to quality and reliability. Buying a Honda is seen as a paying investment, because of its high resale value. †¢ Technical edge over the competitors †¢ Extensive dealer network that enables easy accessibility for sales and service. †¢ Euro 2 emission standards that are a benchmarking the bike industry of Pakistan. †¢ Honda being the market leader has a communication gap with the consumers and it has a reactive approach rather a proactive approach. †¢ High price of the product †¢ No a nti-theft system installed THE MATCHING STAGE SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Product †¢ Brand name image †¢ Market leadership – Enjoying 56% share †¢ Efficient performance †¢ Durability/Reliability †¢ Quality – ISO Certification †¢ Easy availability of Spare Parts Strong asset position/increased profits with each year †¢ High resale value †¢ Low maintenance costs †¢ Technical expertise – Benchmarking Honda, Japan. Price †¢ Reasonable price of genuine parts †¢ Cheap maintenance Place †¢ Well established dealer network †¢ Accessibility to major towns and cities; improving delivery to nearly all parts of Pakistan Promotion †¢ Successful Promotional campaigns via TV and Newspaper channels enjoying extensive viewer ship People †¢ Management/non-management work as a single unit, as a team †¢ Highly loyal, committed and motivated employees †¢ Hardworking, experienced and qualified staff †¢ Technological and managerial know-how Job evaluation which is totally performance based, gives staff incentive to work harder each time †¢ Bonuses and reward system for employees †¢ Trainings given to dealers, motorcycle mechanics and users Processing †¢ TQM principles practiced in work processes †¢ Kaizen (continuous improvement) principle in all processes †¢ State of art plants and equipment †¢ ISO 9002 certified Physical Environment †¢ Frank and congenial work environment †¢ Positive work climate and organization culture – single code of dress supports to maintain discrimination free work environment Others †¢ Customer loyalty †¢ Old and established brand name †¢ Safety guidance given to customers. Weaknesses Less of a proactive approach to different matters, reactive approach applied more †¢ Price higher than prevailing competition in market, which gives customer thoughts about nearest substitutes available â € ¢ Bike launching new features as those of new entrants in market †¢ From customer point of view, in case brand is unavailable for a long time, high pending level allows customer to switch brand †¢ No Credit schemes for distributors/dealers as well as for customers †¢ Customer conscious of bike as a status symbol refrain from buying available Honda brands. It is considered more of a family bike †¢ No anti-theft device installed in bikes against snatching dilemma prevalent especially in Karachi. Opportunities †¢ Growing motorcycle market – Estimated bikes 850,000 by the end of 2011-12 compared to 7550,000 in 2012-13 †¢ Improving economic scenario of Pakistan by contributing more through increased selling. Growth in agriculture sector with good crop expected next year. Customers realizing quality matters, as problems are already cropping up in new entrants models †¢ Initiatives and proposals in process for coping with increased demand of bi kes †¢ Newer segments introduced with entry of new models, design, which still have huge potential for growth †¢ Karachi, a city which has tremendous potential for growth and profitability. †¢ New Export Markets like India with annual market size of 50 million units opening due to WTO Agreement. Threats †¢ Many new features inherent in latest bike models increasing customer expectations a great deal for the future †¢ WTO (World trade Order) opening local markets for global competition †¢ Competitors launching newer models with stress on reduced price for our price-sensitive economy proving serious threat in near future †¢ Theft and snatching of bikes increasing, reaching around more than 2000 bikes in 2012. SWOT MATRIX |STRENGTHS | WEAKNESSES | | | | | | |Product | | | |Brand name image |Less of a proactive approach to | | |Market leadership – Enjoying 56% share |different matters, reactive approach | | |Efficient performance |applied more | | |Durability/Reliability |Price higher than prevailing | | |Quality – ISO Certification |competition in market, which gives | |Easy availability of Spare Parts |customer thoughts about nearest | | |Strong asset position/increased profits with |substitutes available | | |each year |Bike launching new features as those | | |High resale value |of new entrants in market | | |Low maintenance costs |From customer point of view, in case | | |Technical expertise – Benchmarking Honda, |brand is unavailable for a long time, | | |Japan. high pending level allows customer to | | | |switch brand | | |Price |No Credit schemes for | | |Reasonable price of genuine parts |distributors/dealers as well as for | | |Cheap maintenance |customers | | | |Customer conscious of bike as a status| | |Place |symbol refrain from buying available | | |Well established dealer network |Honda brands. It is considered more of| | |Accessibility to major towns and cities; |a family bike | | |improving delivery to nearly all parts of |No anti-theft device installed in | | |Pakistan |bikes against snatching dilemma | | | |prevalent especially in Karachi. | | |Promotion | | | |Successful Promotional campaigns via TV and | | |Newspaper channels enjoying extensive viewer | | | |ship | | | | | | | |People | | | |Management/non-management work as a single | | | |unit, as a team | | | |Highly loyal, committed and motivated employees| | | |Hardworking, experienced and qualified staff | | | |Technological and managerial know-how | | | |Job evaluation which is totally performance | | | |based, gives staff incentive to work harder | | | |each time | | | |Bonuses and reward system for employees | | | |Trainings given to dealers, motorcycle | | | |mechanics and users | | | | | | | |Processing | | | |TQM principles practiced in work processes | | | |Kaizen (continuous improvement) principle in | | | |all processes | | | State of art plants and equipment | | | |ISO 9002 certified | | | | | | | |Physical Environment | | | |Frank and congenial work environment | | | |Positive work climate and organization culture | | | |– single code of dress supports to maintain | | | |discrimination free work environment | | | | | | | | | | | |Others | | | |Customer loyalty | | | |Old and established brand name | | | |Safety guidance given to customers | | |OPPORTUNITIES | SO Strategies | WO Strategies | | |S1, S30, O7 |W7,O6 | |Growing motorcycle market – Estimated bikes |Offer motorcycles to huge new market openings |Provide some safety devices installed | |850,000 by the end of 2008-09 compared to |like India. Reaching out untapped markets as |in bikes especially in Karachi to | |750,000 in 2007-08 |well) |increase sales and decrease fear of | |Improving economic scenario of Pakistan by | |snatching. | |contributing more through increased selling. |S5,S8,S9,S10,O3 |W5,O1 | |G rowth in agriculture sector with good crop |Provide customers high quality bikes with low |Create company operated credit sales | |expected next year. |quality maintenance cost as well. Take |schemes and close the gap by offering | |Customers realizing quality matters, as |advantage of the technical expertise that |credit to those huge segments which | |problems are already cropping up in new |Honda possesses. |thrive on credit consumers. |entrants models | | | |Initiatives and proposals in process for |S10,S24,S25,O5 |W3,W6,O5 | |coping with increased demand of bikes |Targeting new segments with new motorcycle |Launch new innovative designs for new | |Newer segments introduced with entry of new |models with respect to the technical |growing segments which suggest that | |models, design, which still have huge |expertise, state of the art manufacturing |Honda is not only a family bike but | |potential for growth |facility to come up with innovative models and|its products are also po sitioned for | |Karachi, a city which has tremendous |using continuous improvement to stay ahead of |other segments like sports and | |potential for growth and profitability. |the competitors. |recreation. |New Export Markets like India which has an | |W4,O4 | |annual market size of 50 million motorcycles | |Increase production capacity to meet | |per annum opening due to WTO Agreement. | |excessive demand and decrease delivery| | | |lead time. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | THREATS |ST Strategies | | | | |W2,T3 | |Many new features inherent in latest bike |S10, S25,T1 |Increase investment in high technology| |models increasing customer expectations a | |equipment to increase localization to | |great deal for the future |Used the technical expertise and state of art |further decrease costs and target | |WTO (World trade Order) opening local markets|equipment that Honda possesses to provide new |price sensitive consumers. | |for global compe tition. |innovative features in upcoming new bike | | |Competitors launching newer models with |models. W7,T4 | |stress on reduced price for our | |Installation of some anti-theft device| |price-sensitive economy proving serious | |to decrease fear of snatching of bikes| |threat in near future |S19,S30,T2 |and to increase sales in major problem| |Theft and snatching of bikes increasing, |Use the technological know how and the |cities like Karachi. | |reaching around 2000 bikes in 2007. |established Brand Image that Honda possess to | | | |compete in the International markets after WTO| | | |opens foreign markets for Honda. | | | | | | |S10,S25,T3 | | | |Utilize the technical expertise and state of | | | |the art equipment that Honda possesses to | | | |introduce newer low priced motor bikes in the | | | |future. | | THE SPACE MATRIX INTERNAL STRATEGIC POSITION |EXTERNAL STRATEGIC POSITION | |Financial Strength (FS) |Environmental Stability (ES) | |Return on Investment +4 | | |Levera ge +3 |Technological change -3 | |Liquidity +3 |Rate of Inflation -4 | |Working Capital +3 |Demand Variability -2 | |Cash flows +3 |Price range of competing products -2 | | |Barriers to entry into market -4 | | |Competitive pressure -2 | |FS Average +2. 8 |Ease of Exit from the market -2 | | |Price Elasticity of demand -2 | | |Risk involved in business -2 | | | | | |ES Average -2. | |Competitive Advantage (CA) |Industry Strength (IS) | |Market Share -1 | | |Product Quality -1 |Growth Potential +2 | |Product Life Cycle -2 |Profit Potential +4 | |Customer Loyalty -2 |Financial Stability +4 | |Technological Know how -1 |Technological know how +3 | |Control over suppliers and distributors |Resource Utilization +4 | |-2 |Ease of Entry into New Markets +3 | |Resale Value -2 |Productivity, capacity utilization +4 | |Brand Name/Image -1 | | |Dealer Network -2 | | |CA Average -1. 60 | | | |IS Average +3. 42 | [pic] ANALYSIS: As we can see from the SPACE Matrix that Atlas Honda is located in the Aggressive Quadrant I. Atlas Honda is financially strong (+2. 8) as compared to its other competitors in the industry and also has a good competitive advantage (-1. 0). Atlas Honda is in an excellent position to use its internal strengths. Atlas Honda is taking full advantage of external opportunities and overcoming internal weaknesses and avoiding external threats. STRATEGIES: The following are the strategies which Atlas Honda should pursue seeing the results of Grand Strategy Matrix (GSM) : †¢ Market Penetration and Market Development It can do Market Development by introducing its products in new geographic areas like parts of Balochistan and NWFP. Not only this it can also launch its bikes in countries like Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, India and Bangladesh where there is a huge market potential for its bikes. Market Penetration can also be done to increase its market share in present markets by increased marketing efforts and concentrating on aggressive advertising to communicate the real value of the product to the consumer. †¢ Product Development Atlas Honda can improve its quality of the products by Product Development and bringing in new efficient and high performance bikes which are environment friendly also. This can be done through Product Research and Testing and TQM practices including Continuous Improvement, JIT, and KAIZEN etc. †¢ Horizontal Integration Horizontal Integration can also be done by acquiring its competitors: Pak Suzuki and Dawood Yamaha THE BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP MATRIX Market Share High Low Stars |Problem child | | | | | | | | | | |Cash cows |Dogs | |[pic] |[pic] | | | | High Market growth Rate Low THE BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP MATRIX Market Share High Low Stars |Problem child | |CD 70 |CD 100 | |[pic] | | |Cash cows |Dogs | |[pic] |[pic] | |CG 125 | | H igh Market growth Rate Low GRAND STRATEGY MATRIX | | | |Rapid Market Growth | | | | | | | | | | |Quadrant I | | | | | | |Quadrant II | | | | | |1. Market Development | | | | | | | | | |2. Market Penetration | | | | | | | | | | |3. Product Development | | |Weak | | | | | | |Strong |4. Horizontal Integration | | |Competitive | | | | |Atlas Honda | |Competitive |5. Concentric Diversification | | |Position | | | | | | |Position | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Quadrant III | |Quadrant IV | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Slow Market Growth | | | | | ANALYSIS: Atlas Honda falls in Quadrant I since it has a strong competitive position through its brand image and its high resale value and efficient performance. Currently, Atlas Honda is doing fairly well in terms of their competitors. Initially their market share and competitiveness was very high but the emergence of competition they have lost some share. But overall they have placed them selves well. It can do Market Development by introducing its products in new geographic areas like parts of Balochistan and NWFP. Not only this it can also launch its bikes in countries like Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, India and Bangladesh where there is a huge market potential for its bikes. Market Penetration can also be done to increase its market share in present markets by increased marketing efforts and concentrating on aggressive advertising to communicate the real value of the product to the consumer. Atlas Honda can improve its quality of the products by Product Development and bringing in new efficient and high performance bikes which are environment friendly also. This can be done through Product Research and Testing and TQM practices including Continuous Improvement, JIT, and KAIZEN etc. Horizontal Integration can also be done by acquiring its competitors: Pak Suzuki and Dawood Yamaha. Concentric or Related Diversification can be also done by entering into the Tire business. THE QSPM MATRIX QSPM | |Strategic Alternatives | |Key factors |Weight | |*Strategy 1: Product Development, seeking increased sales by developing new low cost efficient products – Motorcycles for the uncatered/lower| | |segment | | | | | |*Strategy 2: Related Diversification by enter ing into the Tire business | | | | | ANALYSIS: From the QSPM Matrix, it is found that the relative attractiveness of Strategy 1: Product Development is clearly more than that of Strategy 2: Related Diversification. STRATEGY 1 Product Development, seeking increased sales by developing new low cost and efficient products – motorcycles for the uncatered/lower segment is the alternative strategy which Atlas Honda must pursue. Atlas Honda with its technical expertise should develop low cost and efficient motorcycles so that the lower segment of the market can also be tapped which the Chinese and local manufacturers are already targeting. The average price of Atlas Honda’s CD 70 cc bike is Rs. 62,900 as compared to the Chinese/local clone of CD 70 which is around Rs 35000 – Rs 39000. Therefore, Atlas Honda can develop low cost bikes with more efficient engine so that a large untapped lower segment can be catered also. STRATEGIC IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION Strategy implementation is the most important area of the whole strategic management process. 99% of the strategies fail at the implementation stage. Just being able to devise bold new strategies to outperform the competitors is not enough. The strategic vision has to be translated into concrete steps the internal processes and management system have to be aligned accordingly. Implementing and executing strategy entails converting the organization’s strategic plan into action and then into results. Putting a strategy into place and getting the organization to execute it well call for different sets of managerial skills. Implementing strategy is primarily an operations driven activity revolving around the management people and business processes. Executing strategy is action-oriented, make-things-happen task that tests a manager’s ability to direct organizational change, motivate people, develop core competencies, build valuable organizational capabilities, achieve continuous improvement in business processes, create a strategy supportive corporate culture, and meet or beat performance targets. Keeping our strategy of following focused differentiation, the most recommended strategy appeared is of market development through opening of various outlets in different geographical regions, can be implemented through following ways: Components of Strategy Implementation Atlas Honda should take into consideration the below discussed components in implementing the strategy: †¢ Building an organization with Competencies, Capabilities and Resource strengths to carry out the strategy successfully: Atlas Honda expertise as leading local two wheeler manufacturer as its strength that a company is fairly good at doing and that enhances its competitiveness. The phenomenal success of Atlas Honda Corp. is the result of a corporate culture that connects its geographically scattered retailers and distributors together. Ever since its Atlas Honda promoting a culture that is grounded on its vision statement, which emphasizes quality, service, convenience and value.. The company makes sure that its proven system is maintained by conducting a constant review of the performance of its bikes. Atlas Honda has a wide distribution and supply chain network, through which Atlas Honda is capable to maintain its policies and culture. The company can articulate at by translating the corporate culture into the administrating activities. Although Atlas Honda has pool of talented, fresh and young workforce, yet they lack energy and risk taking capabilities. Therefore, Atlas Honda should provide proper training to it workforce consistent to its lively and energetic culture. †¢ Developing Budgets to steer ample resources into those value chain activities critical to strategic success New strategies require significant budgets. Though being a local company that has a very good and efficient supply chain Atlas Honda implements strategies bringing higher initial costs to the company. In order to implement new strategies such as product development, market development or market penetration, Atlas Honda will need to increase its budget. The market development strategy would subsequently increase their distribution costs and also the product development would mean buying colour, design and engine additionally increase the supplier costs.. †¢ Establishing strategy supportive policies and procedures Atlas Honda needs to stabilize its strategy in two important areas of concern i. e. product development and market development. Firstly, Atlas Honda need to expand its budget for its marketing and promotional activities, by not just promoting few of it products at an interval basis to the set of products marketed to the masses as Atlas Honda is market leader and to maintain its leadership, Atlas Honda must spend on promotion. †¢ Instituting best practices and pushing for continuous improvement in how value chain activities are performed Atlas Honda can improve on its value chain activities by implementing the strategy of backward integration which would help Atlas Honda drive the costs out of the value chain. Atlas Honda can do so by initiating setup of manufacturing its own spare parts in this way Atlas Honda would not require to import the spare parts from China or I will not need vendor to do the same work.